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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 – Minerals and Energy Resources
Class 10 Geography
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Important Points
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Mineral
Meaning: Naturally occurring substance with definite composition
अर्थ: खनिज
"Diamond is the hardest mineral."
Ore
Meaning: Mineral mixed with other elements to extract metals
अर्थ: अयस्क
"Iron is extracted from ore."
Refinement
Meaning: Purification process of minerals
अर्थ: शोधन
"Refinement makes metal pure."
Extraction
Meaning: Process of obtaining minerals from ores
अर्थ: उत्खनन
"Gold extraction is expensive."
Embedded
Meaning: Fixed into something
अर्थ: जमा हुआ
"Fossils are embedded in rocks."
Indispensable
Meaning: Absolutely necessary
अर्थ: अनिवार्य
"Water is indispensable for life."
Implements
Meaning: Tools or equipment
अर्थ: औज़ार
"Farmers use implements in fields."
Abrasive
Meaning: Substance used for grinding or polishing
अर्थ: घर्षणकारी पदार्थ
"Toothpaste contains abrasive minerals."
Fluoride
Meaning: Compound used to prevent tooth decay
अर्थ: फ्लोराइड
"Fluoride prevents tooth decay."
Nutrient
Meaning: Substance providing nourishment
अर्थ: पोषक तत्व
"Milk is rich in nutrients."
Homogenous
Meaning: Of uniform structure
अर्थ: समान रूप
"The mixture is homogenous."
Lustre
Meaning: Shine or glow of a mineral surface
अर्थ: चमक
"Gold has a bright lustre."
Density
Meaning: Mass per unit volume
अर्थ: घनत्व
"Iron has high density."
Geologist
Meaning: Scientist who studies rocks and minerals
अर्थ: भूविज्ञानी
"The geologist studied rocks."
Geographer
Meaning: Person who studies distribution of minerals on earth
अर्थ: भूगोलवेत्ता
"The geographer mapped resources."
Sedimentary
Meaning: Rocks formed by deposition of layers
अर्थ: आवसादी
"Coal is found in sedimentary rocks."
Igneous
Meaning: Rocks formed by cooling of magma
अर्थ: आग्नेय
"Granite is an igneous rock."
Metamorphic
Meaning: Rocks formed by heat and pressure
अर्थ: परिवर्तित
"Marble is a metamorphic rock."
Strata
Meaning: Layers of rock or soil
अर्थ: स्तर
"The soil has many strata."
Evaporation
Meaning: Process of liquid turning into vapor
अर्थ: वाष्पीकरण
"Evaporation leaves salt behind."
Residual
Meaning: Remaining after main part removed
अर्थ: अवशिष्ट
"Residual soil remains on site."
Weathered
Meaning: Worn away by natural forces
अर्थ: अपक्षयित
"Weathered rocks form soil."
Alluvial
Meaning: Deposits formed by rivers
अर्थ: जलोढ़
"Alluvial soil is very fertile."
Placer
Meaning: Deposits of minerals in sand beds
अर्थ: प्रवाही
"Gold is found in placer deposits."
Diffuse
Meaning: Spread widely
अर्थ: व्यापित
"Smoke diffuses into the air."
Rat-hole mining
Meaning: Mining through narrow tunnels
अर्थ: चूहेद्वार खनन
"Rat-hole mining is dangerous."
Illegal
Meaning: Not allowed by law
अर्थ: अवैध
"Hunting animals is illegal."
Ferrous
Meaning: Containing iron
अर्थ: लौह युक्त
"Iron ore is a ferrous mineral."
Non-ferrous
Meaning: Not containing iron
अर्थ: अलौह
"Copper is a non-ferrous metal."
Magnetite
Meaning: Iron ore with high iron content
अर्थ: मैग्नेटाइट
"Magnetite contains 70% iron."
Hematite
Meaning: Iron ore with slightly less iron
अर्थ: हीमेटाइट
"Hematite has 60% iron."
Malleable
Meaning: Can be hammered into sheets
अर्थ: लचीला
"Aluminium is malleable."
Ductile
Meaning: Can be drawn into wires
अर्थ: तार खींचने योग्य
"Copper is ductile."
Conductor
Meaning: Substance that allows electricity flow
अर्थ: संचालक
"Silver is a good conductor."
Alloy
Meaning: Mixture of metals
अर्थ: मिश्र धातु
"Steel is an alloy of iron."
Bauxite
Meaning: Aluminium ore
अर्थ: बॉक्साइट
"Bauxite is used for aluminium."
Alumina
Meaning: Oxide of aluminium
अर्थ: एलुमिना
"Bauxite gives alumina."
Malleability
Meaning: Ability to be hammered into sheets
अर्थ: लचीलापन
"Gold has great malleability."
Conductivity
Meaning: Ability to conduct electricity
अर्थ: चालकता
"Copper has high conductivity."
Dielectric
Meaning: Material that resists electric flow
अर्थ: डाइइलेक्ट्रिक
"Mica is a dielectric mineral."
Insulating
Meaning: Not allowing passage of heat or electricity
अर्थ: रोधक
"Rubber is insulating."
Deposits
Meaning: Natural concentration of minerals
अर्थ: भंडार
"India has rich deposits of iron."
Furnace
Meaning: Enclosed structure for smelting
अर्थ: भट्ठी
"Iron is smelted in furnace."
Pulmonary
Meaning: Related to lungs
अर्थ: फेफड़े संबंधी
"Smoking causes pulmonary disease."
Repercussions
Meaning: Consequences or effects
अर्थ: परिणाम
"Pollution has repercussions."
Conservation
Meaning: Protection and careful use
अर्थ: संरक्षण
"We must ensure conservation of minerals."
Finite
Meaning: Having limits
अर्थ: सीमित
"Mineral resources are finite."
Renewable
Meaning: Capable of being renewed
अर्थ: नवीकरणीय
"Water is renewable."
Sustainable
Meaning: Capable of lasting long without harm
अर्थ: सतत
"Sustainable use is important."
Judicious
Meaning: Careful and wise
अर्थ: सावधानीपूर्वक
"Be judicious with water use."