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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 5 – Pastoralists in the Modern World
Class 9 History
Last Updated: 24 July 2026
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हिंदी में (Hindi)
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Important Points
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Bugyal
Meaning: High-altitude grassland in the Himalayas used for grazing.
अर्थ: हिमालय का ऊँचाई पर स्थित घास का मैदान, जहाँ चराई होती है।
"Sheep graze on the bugyals in summer."
Pasture
Meaning: Land covered with grass used for grazing animals.
अर्थ: घास से ढका भूमि क्षेत्र जहाँ जानवर चरते हैं।
"Pasture was scarce after the drought."
Nomad
Meaning: A person who moves from place to place for living.
अर्थ: जो जीविका के लिए एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर जाता है।
"Nomads move with their herds in search of water."
Pastoralist
Meaning: A person who herds and raises animals for a living.
अर्थ: जो पशु चराकर और पालकर जीविका कमाता है।
"Pastoralists plan routes by seasons."
Herd
Meaning: A group of animals kept together.
अर्थ: एक साथ रखे गए पशुओं का झुंड।
"The herd of goats crossed the river."
Migrate
Meaning: To move from one region to another at different times of the year.
अर्थ: साल के अलग-अलग समय में एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र में जाना।
"They migrate to low hills in winter."
Kafila
Meaning: A group of families traveling together; caravan.
अर्थ: साथ‑साथ यात्रा करने वाले परिवारों का समूह; काफ़िला।
"Several families formed a kafila for the journey."
Forage
Meaning: Food for animals; to search for such food.
अर्थ: पशुओं का चारा; ऐसे भोजन की खोज करना।
"The sheep found plenty of forage on the slopes."
Lush
Meaning: Rich and full of healthy plant growth.
अर्थ: घना और हरा‑भरा पौधों से भरा।
"Lush meadows appear after the snow melts."
Scrub (forest)
Meaning: Land with low, thorny bushes and small trees.
अर्थ: काँटेदार झाड़ियों और छोटे पेड़ों वाला क्षेत्र।
"Goats can eat leaves in scrub forests."
Monsoon
Meaning: Season of heavy rains in South Asia.
अर्थ: दक्षिण एशिया में भारी वर्षा का मौसम।
"They return to the plateau before the monsoon."
Meadow
Meaning: An open grass field, often used for grazing.
अर्थ: खुला घास का मैदान, अक्सर चराई के लिए।
"The herd rested in the meadow."
Bhabar
Meaning: Dry forest belt at the foot of the Himalayas.
अर्थ: हिमालय की तराई का सूखा वन क्षेत्र (भावर)।
"Gujjars camp in the bhabar during winter."
Cyclical
Meaning: Repeating in a regular pattern over time.
अर्थ: समय के साथ नियमित रूप से दोहराने वाला।
"Their movement is cyclical each year."
Adjust
Meaning: To change to fit new conditions.
अर्थ: नई परिस्थितियों के अनुसार बदलना।
"Pastoralists adjust routes when pastures fade."
Overuse
Meaning: To use too much so that quality reduces.
अर्थ: अत्यधिक उपयोग करना जिससे गुणवत्ता घटे।
"Staying too long can cause overuse of pastures."
Mandap
Meaning: A temporary shelter or hut used in the mountains.
अर्थ: पहाड़ों में इस्तेमाल होने वाला अस्थायी आश्रय/झोंपड़ी (मंडप)।
"They made ghee in the mandap."
Ringal
Meaning: A hill bamboo used to build huts.
अर्थ: पहाड़ी बाँस की किस्म ‘रिंगाल’ जिससे झोंपड़ी बनती है।
"Ringal poles support the roof."
Shearing
Meaning: Cutting the wool off a sheep.
अर्थ: भेड़ों की ऊन काटना।
"Shearing begins after the flock comes down."
Plateau
Meaning: A large, flat highland area.
अर्थ: ऊँचा और समतल भू‑भाग; पठार।
"They live on the Deccan plateau."
Semi‑arid
Meaning: Having low rainfall; rather dry.
अर्थ: कम वर्षा वाला; कुछ सूखा।
"Millets grow in semi‑arid regions."
Stubble
Meaning: Short stalks left in fields after harvest.
अर्थ: कटाई के बाद खेत में बची डंठल (पराली)।
"Sheep fed on the stubble."
Swampy
Meaning: Wet, soft, and muddy ground.
अर्थ: गीली, दलदली और नरम जमीन।
"Buffaloes like swampy fields in monsoon."
Tract
Meaning: A large area of land.
अर्थ: भूमि का बड़ा क्षेत्र; इलाक़ा।
"They crossed a dry tract to reach water."
Graziers
Meaning: People who raise animals on grazing lands.
अर्थ: चरागाहों पर पशु पालने वाले लोग; चरवाहे।
"Graziers bargained for access to fields."
Genealogist
Meaning: A person who records family history.
अर्थ: वंशावली/खानदान का इतिहास लिखने वाला।
"A genealogist recited the Raikas’ lineage."
Rann (of Kutch)
Meaning: A salty marshy region in Gujarat.
अर्थ: गुजरात का खारा दलदली क्षेत्र (रण/कच्छ का रण)।
"Maldharis move along the Rann in winter."
Colonial
Meaning: Related to rule by a foreign power.
अर्थ: विदेशी सत्ता के शासन से संबंधित; उपनिवेशीय।
"Colonial laws restricted movement."
Revenue
Meaning: Money the government collects, often from taxes.
अर्थ: सरकार द्वारा वसूला गया धन, आमतौर पर कर से।
"Land revenue increased under the new rules."
Waste land
Meaning: Uncultivated land seen as unproductive.
अर्थ: बेकार माना गया परती/अनुपजाऊ भूमि (वेस्ट लैंड)।
"Officials declared the pasture as waste land."
Reserved forest
Meaning: Forest kept fully under government control.
अर्थ: सरकारी पूर्ण नियंत्रण वाला आरक्षित वन।
"No grazing was allowed in the reserved forest."
Protected forest
Meaning: Forest with limited, regulated use.
अर्थ: सीमित और नियंत्रित उपयोग वाला संरक्षित वन।
"Villagers had limited rights in protected forests."
Sapling
Meaning: A young tree.
अर्थ: नन्हा/कच्चा पेड़ (पौधा)।
"Grazing can damage tender saplings."
Succulent (grass)
Meaning: Full of juice; soft and fresh to eat.
अर्थ: रसदार; मुलायम और ताज़ा।
"Cattle prefer succulent grass after rains."
Permit
Meaning: An official paper that allows you to do something.
अर्थ: अनुमति‑पत्र जो कुछ करने की इजाज़त देता है।
"A permit was needed to enter the forest."
Fine (penalty)
Meaning: Money paid as punishment.
अर्थ: दंड के रूप में दिया जाने वाला पैसा; जुर्माना।
"They paid a fine for overstaying."
Criminal Tribes Act
Meaning: A colonial law that labeled some communities as criminals by birth.
अर्थ: एक उपनिवेशकालीन कानून जिसने कुछ समुदायों को जन्म से अपराधी ठहराया।
"The Criminal Tribes Act restricted movement."
Taxation
Meaning: The system of collecting taxes.
अर्थ: कर वसूली की व्यवस्था।
"Increased taxation hurt poor herders."
Auction
Meaning: A public sale to the highest bidder.
अर्थ: सबसे ऊँची बोली लगाने वाले को सार्वजनिक बिक्री; नीलामी।
"Grazing tax collection was given by auction."
Contractor
Meaning: A person hired to do work or collect dues.
अर्थ: काम करने या वसूली करने के लिए नियुक्त व्यक्ति; ठेकेदार।
"The contractor raised the grazing fees."
Deterioration
Meaning: Becoming worse in quality.
अर्थ: गुणवत्ता का गिरना; बिगड़ना।
"Overgrazing led to the deterioration of pastures."
Prohibit
Meaning: To officially not allow something.
अर्थ: किसी चीज़ को आधिकारिक रूप से मना करना; निषेध करना।
"The law prohibits hunting in reserves."
Harassment
Meaning: Repeated troubling or bothering someone.
अर्थ: बार‑बार तंग करना; उत्पीड़न।
"Pastoralists faced harassment at checkpoints."
Starvation
Meaning: Suffering or death from not having enough food.
अर्थ: खाने की कमी से कष्ट या मृत्यु; भुखमरी।
"Starvation hit herds during drought."
Warrior
Meaning: A fighter, especially in a traditional society.
अर्थ: योद्धा, खासकर पारंपरिक समाज में।
"Young men became warriors after rituals."
Raid
Meaning: A sudden attack to take animals or goods.
अर्थ: अचानक आक्रमण कर पशु या सामान छीनना; छापा।
"Warriors planned a raid on rival herds."
Authority
Meaning: Power or right to control and make decisions.
अर्थ: नियंत्रण और निर्णय लेने की शक्ति/अधिकार।
"The chiefs had authority over disputes."
Livestock
Meaning: Farm animals like cattle, sheep and goats.
अर्थ: पालतू पशु जैसे गाय‑भैंस, भेड़‑बकरी।
"Livestock numbers fell during famine."
Meagre
Meaning: Very small in amount; not enough.
अर्थ: बहुत कम; अपर्याप्त।
"They survived on meagre earnings."
Subsistence
Meaning: Basic means needed to live.
अर्थ: जीविका चलाने लायक न्यूनतम साधन।
"Pastoralists often lived at subsistence level."