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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 1 – The French Revolution
Class 9 History
Last Updated: 22 July 2026
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Tough Words (Glossary)
militia
Meaning: An organized group of citizens trained to act as soldiers in emergencies
अर्थ: नागर सेना; आपातकाल में लड़ने के लिए प्रशिक्षित नागरिकों का समूह
"The people formed a militia to defend Paris."
fortress
Meaning: A strong building or place that is protected against attack
अर्थ: किला; दुर्ग
"The crowd attacked the royal fortress called the Bastille."
ammunition
Meaning: Bullets and explosive materials used in weapons
अर्थ: गोलाबारूद
"They hoped to find hidden ammunition inside the Bastille."
despotic
Meaning: Ruling with absolute power in a cruel or unfair way
अर्थ: तानाशाही; निर्दयी
"The Bastille symbolized the despotic power of the king."
demolished
Meaning: Destroyed completely
अर्थ: ध्वस्त किया गया
"After the attack, the fortress was demolished."
souvenir
Meaning: An object kept to remember a place or event
अर्थ: स्मृति-चिह्न; यादगार
"People bought stones as souvenirs of the Bastille’s fall."
treasury
Meaning: The government’s store of money
अर्थ: कोषागार
"Louis XVI inherited an empty treasury."
extravagant
Meaning: Spending too much money; wasteful
अर्थ: फिजूलखर्च; अपव्ययी
"An extravagant court at Versailles increased costs."
Versailles
Meaning: The royal palace/town near Paris, seat of the French court
अर्थ: वर्साय—पेरिस के पास शाही महल/नगर
"The king lived at the palace of Versailles."
colonies
Meaning: Territories ruled by another distant country
अर्थ: उपनिवेश
"France supported the American colonies against Britain."
lenders
Meaning: People or institutions that give money on loan
अर्थ: ऋणदाता
"Lenders began to charge 10 percent interest."
obliged
Meaning: Forced or required to do something
अर्थ: बाध्य; विवश
"The government was obliged to spend more on interest."
feudal
Meaning: Related to the medieval system of lords and peasants
अर्थ: सामंती
"French society followed a feudal system of estates."
clergy
Meaning: Religious officials of the Church
अर्थ: पादरी वर्ग
"The clergy enjoyed many privileges."
nobility
Meaning: People of high birth or rank
अर्थ: कुलीन वर्ग; उच्चवर्ग
"The nobility did not have to pay taxes."
privileges
Meaning: Special rights given to a particular group
अर्थ: विशेष अधिकार
"Birth gave the first two estates certain privileges."
exemption
Meaning: Freedom from an obligation like paying a tax
अर्थ: छूट; करमुक्ति
"The nobles had exemption from many taxes."
tithes
Meaning: A tax of one-tenth paid to the Church
अर्थ: दसवाँ कर; चर्च को दिया जाने वाला दशांश
"Peasants paid tithes to the Church."
taille
Meaning: A direct tax in pre‑revolutionary France
अर्थ: ‘ताये’—क्रांति-पूर्व फ़्रांस का प्रत्यक्ष कर
"All third-estate members paid the taille."
indirect taxes
Meaning: Taxes on goods like salt or tobacco paid during purchase
अर्थ: अप्रत्यक्ष कर
"People paid many indirect taxes on daily items."
subsistence crisis
Meaning: A serious shortage of food leading to hunger
अर्थ: जीविका/अन्न संकट
"Bad harvests often caused a subsistence crisis."
drought
Meaning: A long period with little or no rain
अर्थ: सूखा
"Drought made bread prices rise further."
hail
Meaning: Small balls of ice that fall like rain
अर्थ: ओले
"Hail damaged crops across the countryside."
staple (food)
Meaning: The main or most important food in a diet
अर्थ: मुख्य खाद्य
"Bread was the staple diet of the poor."
artisans
Meaning: Skilled workers who make things by hand
अर्थ: कुशल कारीगर
"Artisans like shoemakers joined the protests."
envisage
Meaning: To imagine or plan something for the future
अर्थ: परिकल्पित करना; कल्पना करना
"Thinkers envisaged a society based on equality."
middle class
Meaning: People between rich and poor, often professionals and traders
अर्थ: मध्यम वर्ग
"A growing middle class led the demand for change."
prosperous
Meaning: Successful and wealthy
अर्थ: समृद्ध
"Prosperous merchants supported new ideas."
merit
Meaning: Ability or talent; deserving quality
अर्थ: योग्यता
"They believed status should depend on merit."
social contract
Meaning: An agreement that government power comes from the people
अर्थ: सामाजिक अनुबंध
"Rousseau argued for a government based on a social contract."
legislature
Meaning: The part of government that makes laws
अर्थ: विधायिका
"Power was divided among the legislature, executive and judiciary."
executive
Meaning: The part of government that carries out laws
अर्थ: कार्यपालिका
"The executive had limited powers under the Constitution."
judiciary
Meaning: The system of courts of law
अर्थ: न्यायपालिका
"The judiciary became independent of the king."
salons
Meaning: Gatherings where people discussed ideas and politics
अर्थ: विचार गोष्ठियाँ (सैलून)
"Ideas spread through salons and coffee-houses."
grievances
Meaning: Complaints about unfair situations
अर्थ: शिकायतें; असंतोष
"Representatives carried letters listing people’s grievances."
convocation
Meaning: The formal calling together of an assembly
अर्थ: आह्वान; सभा बुलाना
"The king announced the convocation of the Estates General."
resplendent
Meaning: Very bright and impressive; splendid
अर्थ: भव्य; दीप्तिमान
"A resplendent hall in Versailles hosted the delegates."
representatives
Meaning: People chosen to act or speak for others
अर्थ: प्रतिनिधि
"The three estates sent their representatives to Versailles."
constitution
Meaning: A set of fundamental laws for a country
अर्थ: संविधान
"They swore to write a constitution for France."
passive citizens
Meaning: People who could not vote under the 1791 rules
अर्थ: निष्क्रिय नागरिक
"Women were counted as passive citizens."
inalienable
Meaning: That cannot be taken away
अर्थ: अविच्छिन्न; अपरिहार्य
"Rights like life and speech were called natural and inalienable."
sovereignty
Meaning: Supreme power or authority to rule
अर्थ: सार्वभौमिकता; सर्वोच्च सत्ता
"All sovereignty resides in the nation, not in a king."
oppression
Meaning: Cruel or unfair control over people
अर्थ: उत्पीड़न
"The Declaration promised protection against oppression."
aristocracy
Meaning: The highest class in society, often by birth
अर्थ: कुलीनतंत्र; उच्चवर्ग
"The war was seen as people versus aristocracy."
anthem
Meaning: A formal patriotic song
अर्थ: राष्ट्रीय/देशभक्ति गीत
"The Marseillaise later became France’s national anthem."
Jacobins
Meaning: A radical political club during the Revolution
अर्थ: जैकोबिन—क्रांतिकारी क्लब
"The Jacobins grew powerful in Paris."
sans-culottes
Meaning: Revolutionaries who wore long trousers, not knee-breeches
अर्थ: साँ‑क्यूलोत—घुटनेवाली पतलून न पहनने वाले क्रांतिकारी
"Sans‑culottes wore long striped trousers and red caps."
insurrection
Meaning: A violent uprising against authority
अर्थ: विद्रोह; बगावत
"They planned an insurrection and stormed the palace."
hostage
Meaning: A person held prisoner to force others to act
अर्थ: बंधक
"The crowd held the king as a hostage for hours."
treason
Meaning: The crime of betraying one’s country
अर्थ: देशद्रोह; राजद्रोह
"Louis XVI was executed for treason."
guillotine
Meaning: A machine used to behead people during the Revolution
अर्थ: गिलोटिन—सिर काटने का यंत्र
"Many were sent to the guillotine during the Terror."
rationed
Meaning: Distributed in fixed, limited amounts
अर्थ: राशन किया गया; सीमित मात्रा में बाँटा गया
"Meat and bread were rationed by the government."
barracks
Meaning: Buildings where soldiers live
अर्थ: छावनी; बैरक
"Churches were turned into offices and barracks."
tribunal
Meaning: A special court of justice
अर्थ: न्यायाधिकरण
"Suspected enemies were tried by a revolutionary tribunal."
moderation
Meaning: Avoiding extremes; being reasonable and balanced
अर्थ: संयम; मध्यमार्ग
"Even his supporters later asked for moderation."
Directory
Meaning: A five‑member executive that ruled France after 1795
अर्थ: डायरेक्टरी—पाँच सदस्यों वाली कार्यपालिका
"Political instability under the Directory helped Napoleon rise."
suffrage
Meaning: The right to vote in political elections
अर्थ: मताधिकार
"Women’s clubs demanded equal suffrage."
pamphlet
Meaning: A small booklet with information or opinions
अर्थ: पैम्फलेट; पुस्तिका
"Sieyès wrote a famous pamphlet about the Third Estate."
abolition
Meaning: The act of ending a practice or law
अर्थ: उन्मूलन; समाप्ति
"The Jacobins ordered the abolition of slavery in colonies."
plantation
Meaning: A large farm where a single crop is grown
अर्थ: बागान; बड़े खेत
"Sugar plantations needed many workers."
triangular trade
Meaning: Trade between three regions in a cycle
अर्थ: त्रिकोणीय व्यापार
"Europe, Africa and America were linked by triangular trade."
shackled
Meaning: Chained or restrained with shackles
अर्थ: बेड़ियों से बंधा; बंधक
"Slaves were shackled and packed into ships."
emancipation
Meaning: The act of freeing someone from control or slavery
अर्थ: मुक्ति; दासता‑उन्मोचन
"The Convention decreed the emancipation of slaves."
censorship
Meaning: Control over what can be published or said
अर्थ: सेंसरशिप; अभिव्यक्ति‑नियंत्रण
"After 1789, censorship was abolished."
procession
Meaning: A group moving forward in an orderly way, often for a ceremony
अर्थ: जुलूस; शोभायात्रा
"Festive processions spread revolutionary ideas."
allegory
Meaning: A picture or story in which symbols represent ideas
अर्थ: रूपक; प्रतीकात्मक चित्र
"Liberty was shown as a female allegory."
fraternity
Meaning: A feeling of brotherhood and unity
अर्थ: बंधुत्व
"Liberty, equality and fraternity inspired Europe."
annex
Meaning: To take control of a land and add it to one’s country
अर्थ: अधिग्रहण करना; मिलाना
"Napoleon tried to annex many parts of Europe."
legacy
Meaning: Something handed down from the past
अर्थ: विरासत
"The Revolution’s legacy was democratic rights."
sovereign
Meaning: A supreme ruler; also, possessing independent authority
अर्थ: सार्वभौम; स्वतंत्र शासक
"After monarchy ended, the people became sovereign."