English 
Hindi 
Mathematics 
Environment 
EVS 
Science 
Economics 
Geography 
History 
Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2 – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Class 9 History
Last Updated: 31 May 2026
Share on WhatsAppChapter Introduction
हिंदी में (Hindi)
Watch Video Lecture
Video Coming Soon..
Important Points
🕐 Coming Soon
Important points for this chapter will be added shortly. Check back soon!
Practice MCQ Questions (61 questions)
Q1. What did Liberals in the 19th century primarily want?
✓ Correct Answer: B
Q2. Who among the following supported women's suffragette movements?
✓ Correct Answer: C
Q3. What was the primary belief of socialists in the 19th century?
✓ Correct Answer: B
Q4. Which of the following best describes the conservatives' view after the French Revolution?
✓ Correct Answer: B
Q5. Who believed in the idea of cooperatives as a means to socialism?
✓ Correct Answer: A
Get all 61 MCQ questions + more!
Download the Genius Mind app for unlimited practice, mock tests & video lectures.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
🕐 Coming Soon
FAQs for this chapter will be added soon. Stay tuned!
Tough Words (Glossary)
Aristocracy
Meaning: A privileged noble class holding power by birth.
अर्थ: राजवंशी अभिजात वर्ग जो जन्म से विशेषाधिकार पाता है।
"The aristocracy controlled land and offices before the revolution."
Clergy
Meaning: Religious leaders of the church.
अर्थ: पादरी वर्ग/धर्मगुरुओं का समूह।
"The clergy were exempt from many taxes."
Estates
Meaning: Social orders or classes in pre‑revolutionary society.
अर्थ: समाज की श्रेणियाँ/वर्ग।
"French society was divided into three estates."
Conservatives
Meaning: People favouring slow, cautious change and respect for tradition.
अर्थ: रूढ़िवादी, जो धीमे परिवर्तन और परंपराओं का समर्थन करते हैं।
"Conservatives accepted limited reforms in the nineteenth century."
Liberals
Meaning: Those supporting individual rights and elected government.
अर्थ: उदारवादी, जो व्यक्तिगत अधिकारों और निर्वाचित सरकार का समर्थन करते हैं।
"Liberals argued for a representative parliament."
Radicals
Meaning: People demanding major, rapid restructuring of society.
अर्थ: आमूल‑परिवर्तनवादी/कट्टर परिवर्तन के समर्थक।
"Radicals supported extending the vote to most citizens."
Suffragette
Meaning: A woman campaigning for the right to vote.
अर्थ: स्त्री मताधिकार आंदोलक।
"Many radicals backed the suffragette movement."
Franchise
Meaning: The right to vote in political elections.
अर्थ: मताधिकार।
"Universal adult franchise was not accepted by liberals then."
Industrialisation
Meaning: Transformation to an economy based on industry and factories.
अर्थ: औद्योगिकीकरण—उद्योग एवं कारखानों पर आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर बदलाव।
"Industrialisation created new cities and jobs."
Sanitation
Meaning: Systems for keeping places clean and healthy.
अर्थ: स्वच्छता व्यवस्था।
"Rapid urban growth made sanitation a serious issue."
Unemployment
Meaning: The state of not having paid work.
अर्थ: बेरोज़गारी।
"During slumps, unemployment rose in factory towns."
Enterprise
Meaning: A business or initiative, often involving risk.
अर्थ: उद्यम/व्यवसाय, प्रायः जोखिम के साथ।
"Private enterprise owned most industries then."
Nationalism
Meaning: A belief in creating and supporting a nation of equal citizens.
अर्थ: राष्ट्रवाद—समान नागरिकों वाले राष्ट्र का समर्थन।
"Nationalism inspired revolts against monarchies."
Revolutionaries
Meaning: People who work to overthrow existing systems.
अर्थ: क्रांतिकारी—जो मौजूदा व्यवस्था को बदलना चाहते हैं।
"Revolutionaries secretly organised against the Tsar."
Socialism
Meaning: An idea that property and production should be socially controlled.
अर्थ: समाजवाद—संपत्ति/उत्पादन का सामाजिक नियंत्रण।
"Socialism spread across Europe by the 1870s."
Cooperative
Meaning: An association where people work together and share profits.
अर्थ: सहकारी संस्था—साझे में काम और लाभ बाँटना।
"Louis Blanc proposed state‑supported cooperatives."
Capitalists
Meaning: Owners of capital and factories seeking profit.
अर्थ: पूँजीपति—पूँजी और कारख़ानों के मालिक।
"Marx argued capitalists profited from workers’ labour."
Exploitation
Meaning: Unfair use of someone’s labour for one’s own advantage.
अर्थ: शोषण—किसी के श्रम का अनुचित लाभ उठाना।
"Workers protested exploitation in long strikes."
Communist
Meaning: Relating to a classless society with common ownership.
अर्थ: साम्यवादी—वर्गहीन समाज व सामूहिक स्वामित्व से संबंधित।
"The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communist Party."
Autocracy
Meaning: Government by a single absolute ruler.
अर्थ: निरंकुश शासन।
"Russia under the Tsar was an autocracy."
Tsar
Meaning: Title of the Russian emperor before 1917.
अर्थ: ज़ार—1917 से पहले रूसी सम्राट का पदनाम।
"Tsar Nicholas II faced growing protests."
Duma
Meaning: The Russian parliament created in the early 1900s.
अर्थ: दूमा—रूस की संसद।
"The Tsar dissolved the first Duma within months."
Alliance
Meaning: A formal agreement between countries to cooperate.
अर्थ: गठबंधन/संधि।
"European alliances led to the First World War."
Casualties
Meaning: People killed or injured in a war or accident.
अर्थ: हानियाँ/मृतक‑घायल।
"The war caused millions of casualties."
Refugees
Meaning: People forced to flee their homes due to conflict.
अर्थ: शरणार्थी।
"War created millions of refugees in Russia."
Demoralising
Meaning: Causing loss of confidence or hope.
अर्थ: मनোবल तोड़ने वाला/हताश करने वाला।
"Repeated defeats were demoralising for soldiers."
Abdicate
Meaning: To give up the throne or position of power.
अर्थ: सिंहासन त्यागना/पद छोड़ना।
"The Tsar was advised to abdicate in 1917."
Curfew
Meaning: A rule requiring people to stay indoors at set times.
अर्थ: कर्फ़्यू/निषेधाज्ञा।
"The government imposed a curfew in Petrograd."
Mutiny
Meaning: Open rebellion by soldiers or sailors against authority.
अर्थ: विद्रोह/बगावत (विशेषकर सैनिकों का)।
"Regiments mutinied and joined the strikers."
Soviet
Meaning: A council of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies.
अर्थ: सोवियत—मज़दूर व सैनिकों की परिषद।
"The Petrograd Soviet shared power with the Duma leaders."
Council
Meaning: A group formed to discuss or manage affairs.
अर्थ: परिषद।
"Workers formed a council to present demands."
Provisional Government
Meaning: A temporary government formed until elections.
अर्थ: अस्थायी सरकार—चुनाव तक बनी अंतरिम सरकार।
"A Provisional Government replaced the monarchy."
Universal Adult Suffrage
Meaning: Voting right for all adult citizens.
अर्थ: सार्वभौमिक वयस्क मताधिकार।
"The Constituent Assembly was to be elected by universal adult suffrage."
Exile
Meaning: Forced absence from one’s country.
अर्थ: निर्वासन।
"Lenin returned from exile in April 1917."
Uprising
Meaning: A popular revolt against authority.
अर्थ: विद्रोह/जनआंदोलन।
"An armed uprising began on 24 October."
Seizure
Meaning: The act of taking control by force.
अर्थ: कब्ज़ा/ज़ब्ती।
"Revolutionaries planned the seizure of government offices."
Confiscate
Meaning: To take property officially without permission.
अर्थ: ज़ब्त करना।
"Authorities moved to confiscate secret stockpiles of grain."
Nationalise
Meaning: To transfer private assets into state ownership.
अर्थ: राष्ट्रीयकरण करना।
"Banks were nationalised after the revolution."
Censorship
Meaning: Official control over what can be published or seen.
अर्थ: सेंसरशिप—प्रकाशन/प्रदर्शन पर आधिकारिक नियंत्रण।
"Censorship tightened under the one‑party state."
Decree
Meaning: An official order issued by authority.
अर्थ: अधिकारित आदेश/अधिनिर्देश।
"A decree abolished old aristocratic titles."
Constitution
Meaning: A set of fundamental laws for governing a country.
अर्थ: संविधान—शासन के मूल क़ानून।
"They drafted a new constitution to limit royal power."
Ideology
Meaning: A set of ideas and beliefs guiding political action.
अर्थ: विचारधारा—राजनीतिक कार्यवाही को मार्गदर्शित करने वाले विचार।
"Socialist ideology appealed to many workers."
Propaganda
Meaning: Information spread to promote a cause or viewpoint.
अर्थ: प्रचार—किसी विचार/कारण के समर्थन में जानकारी फैलाना।
"Posters and newspapers carried revolutionary propaganda."
Collectivisation
Meaning: Policy of merging small farms into large collective units.
अर्थ: सामूहिकीकरण—छोटे खेतों को बड़े सामूहिक खेतों में मिलाना।
"Collectivisation met with peasant resistance."
Kolkhoz
Meaning: A collective farm in the Soviet Union.
अर्थ: कोलखोज—सोवियत संघ का सामूहिक खेत।
"Families were moved to work in a kolkhoz."
Kulak
Meaning: A well‑to‑do peasant targeted during collectivisation.
अर्थ: कुलाक—धनी किसान, सामूहिकीकरण के दौरान निशाने पर।
"The state raided kulaks suspected of hoarding grain."
Famine
Meaning: Extreme scarcity of food causing widespread hunger.
अर्थ: अकाल—खाद्य की घोर कमी।
"The bad harvest led to a devastating famine."
Deported
Meaning: Sent away from a country or region by authority.
अर्थ: निर्वासित/देश निकाला दिया गया।
"Many resisting peasants were deported to camps."
Cheka
Meaning: Early Soviet secret police organisation.
अर्थ: चेका—प्रारम्भिक सोवियत गुप्त पुलिस।
"The Cheka punished critics of the regime."
OGPU
Meaning: Successor to the Cheka, Soviet secret police.
अर्थ: ओजीपीयू—चेका का उत्तराधिकारी, सोवियत गुप्त पुलिस।
"Writers feared the OGPU’s censorship."
NKVD
Meaning: Later Soviet internal security police.
अर्थ: एनकेवीडी—बाद की सोवियत आंतरिक सुरक्षा पुलिस।
"Millions were jailed by the NKVD in the 1930s."
Comintern
Meaning: International organisation of pro‑Bolshevik parties.
अर्थ: कोमिन्टर्न—प्रो‑बोल्शेविक दलों का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन।
"Indian activists met comrades through the Comintern."
Jadidists
Meaning: Muslim reformers favouring modern education and ideas.
अर्थ: जदीदवादी—आधुनिकीकरण समर्थक मुस्लिम सुधारक।
"Jadidists supported constitutional change in the empire."
Nationalities
Meaning: Distinct ethnic or cultural groups within a state.
अर्थ: राष्ट्रीयताएँ/समुदाय।
"The USSR granted autonomy to several nationalities."
Autonomy
Meaning: Self‑government or independence in internal matters.
अर्थ: स्वायत्तता—आंतरिक मामलों में स्वशासन।
"Republics sought greater autonomy within the union."
Five‑Year Plan
Meaning: A government plan setting goals for five years.
अर्थ: पाँचवर्षीय योजना—पाँच साल के लक्ष्य निर्धारित करने वाली योजना।
"The first Five‑Year Plan boosted steel output."
Centralised Planning
Meaning: Economic planning directed by the state from the centre.
अर्थ: केन्द्रीकृत नियोजन—राज्य द्वारा नियंत्रित आर्थिक योजना।
"Centralised planning fixed prices and targets."
Rationing
Meaning: Controlled distribution of scarce goods.
अर्थ: राशन व्यवस्था—कमी की वस्तुओं का नियंत्रित वितरण।
"Bread was under rationing during the crisis."
Tribunal
Meaning: A special court of justice.
अर्थ: न्यायाधिकरण/विशेष न्यायालय।
"Opponents were tried by a revolutionary tribunal."
Constituent Assembly
Meaning: An elected body to draft a constitution.
अर्थ: संविधान सभा—संविधान बनाने के लिए निर्वाचित निकाय।
"Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in 1917."
Bolsheviks
Meaning: The majority faction of Russian socialists led by Lenin.
अर्थ: बोल्शेविक—लेनिन के नेतृत्व वाला रूसी समाजवादियों का धड़ा।
"The Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917."
Mensheviks
Meaning: The minority faction advocating a broad party membership.
अर्थ: मेंशेविक—विस्तृत सदस्यता वाले दल के पक्षधर धड़ा।
"Mensheviks initially opposed an immediate uprising."
Petrograd
Meaning: Name of St Petersburg during 1914–1924.
अर्थ: पेत्रोग्राद—1914–1924 के दौरान सेंट पीटर्सबर्ग का नाम।
"Strikes in Petrograd sparked the February Revolution."
February Revolution
Meaning: The 1917 uprising that ended the Tsarist monarchy.
अर्थ: फ़रवरी क्रांति—1917 का विद्रोह जिसने ज़ारशाही समाप्त की।
"The February Revolution formed a Provisional Government."
October Revolution
Meaning: The 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power.
अर्थ: अक्टूबर क्रांति—1917 में बोल्शेविकों का सत्ता ग्रहण।
"The October Revolution nationalised banks and industry."
Strike
Meaning: A work stoppage by employees as a protest.
अर्थ: हड़ताल—विरोधस्वरूप काम बंद।
"Over 100,000 workers went on strike in St Petersburg."
Hoarding
Meaning: Secretly storing goods to sell later at higher prices.
अर्थ: मुनाफ़ाख़ोरी के लिए माल छिपाना/भंडारण।
"Authorities accused traders of hoarding grain."
Refute
Meaning: To prove a statement or belief to be wrong.
अर्थ: खंडन करना/गलत सिद्ध करना।
"Thinkers refute the idea of absolute royal power."
Entitle
Meaning: To give someone a right or claim to something.
अर्थ: अधिकार देना/हक़दार बनाना।
"Only taxpayers were entitled to vote at first."
Inevitable
Meaning: Certain to happen; unavoidable.
अर्थ: अनिवार्य/अपरिहार्य।
"Conservatives saw some change as inevitable."