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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 4 – Forest Society and Colonialism
Class 9 History
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Important Points
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Deforestation
Meaning: Large-scale clearing of forests
अर्थ: वनों की बड़े पैमाने पर कटाई/वनविनाश
"Deforestation reduces rainfall and harms wildlife."
Biodiversity
Meaning: Variety of plant and animal life in an area
अर्थ: किसी क्षेत्र में पौधों और जानवरों की विविधता (जैव विविधता)
"The Western Ghats are known for their rich biodiversity."
Industrialisation
Meaning: Growth of industries on a large scale
अर्थ: उद्योगों का बड़े पैमाने पर विकास (औद्योगिकीकरण)
"Industrialisation increased the demand for timber."
Cultivation
Meaning: Preparing and using land for crops
अर्थ: खेती के लिए भूमि की तैयारी और उपयोग (खेती/कृषि)
"Cultivation expanded rapidly under colonial rule."
Commercial crop
Meaning: Crop grown mainly to sell for profit
अर्थ: लाभ के लिए उगाई जाने वाली फसल (वाणिज्यिक फसल)
"Cotton became an important commercial crop."
Wilderness
Meaning: Wild, uncultivated land
अर्थ: अनुपजाऊ/निर्जन वन क्षेत्र (वाइल्डरनेस)
"Officials saw wilderness as land to be improved."
Revenue
Meaning: Money collected by the state
अर्थ: राजस्व/आय
"Forests were cleared to increase revenue."
Sleeper (rail)
Meaning: Thick wooden beam supporting railway tracks
अर्थ: रेल पटरी के नीचे की लकड़ी की पटिया (स्लीपर)
"Each mile of track needed about 2,000 sleepers."
Locomotive
Meaning: Railway engine that pulls trains
अर्थ: रेल इंजन (लोकोमोटिव)
"Early locomotives used wood as fuel."
Plantation (forestry)
Meaning: Large area planted with a single tree species
अर्थ: एक ही प्रजाति के पेड़ों का बड़ा रोपण क्षेत्र (प्लांटेशन)
"Teak plantation replaced natural forests."
Conservation
Meaning: Protection and careful use of resources
अर्थ: संसाधनों का संरक्षण और सावधानीपूर्वक उपयोग
"Conservation of forests is vital for climate."
Inspector General (Forests)
Meaning: Highest forest officer overseeing management
अर्थ: वनों का उच्चतम अधिकारी (वन महानिरीक्षक)
"Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests."
Scientific forestry
Meaning: Planned management of forests for timber
अर्थ: लकड़ी के लिए नियोजित वन प्रबंधन (वैज्ञानिक वानिकी)
"Scientific forestry promoted single-species plantations."
Reserved forest
Meaning: Forest area with strict protection and no local use
अर्थ: कड़ाई से संरक्षित वन क्षेत्र (आरक्षित वन)
"Villagers were barred from reserved forests."
Protected forest
Meaning: Forest with limited use allowed to locals
अर्थ: सीमित उपयोग वाला संरक्षित वन
"People collected fuelwood from protected forests."
Village forest
Meaning: Forest managed for local needs
अर्थ: स्थानीय आवश्यकताओं के लिए प्रबंधित वन (ग्राम वन)
"Village forests supplied wood for houses."
Timber
Meaning: Wood prepared for building
अर्थ: निर्माण योग्य लकड़ी
"Teak is valued as durable timber."
Teak
Meaning: Hardwood tree used for durable timber
अर्थ: सागौन (टिकाऊ कठोर लकड़ी का वृक्ष)
"Teak furniture lasts for decades."
Sal
Meaning: Indian hardwood tree common in central India
अर्थ: साल (भारत का कठोर वृक्ष)
"Oil in some chocolates comes from sal seeds."
Tannin
Meaning: Substance used to make leather from hides
अर्थ: चर्म शोधन के लिए प्रयुक्त पदार्थ (टैनिन)
"Tannin helps convert hides into leather."
Charcoal
Meaning: Black fuel made by heating wood without air
अर्थ: लकड़ी को बिना हवा के गरम कर बना ईंधन (कोयला/चारकोल)
"Charcoal is used by blacksmiths."
Grazing
Meaning: Feeding of cattle on grass
अर्थ: पशुओं का घास चरना (चराई)
"Grazing was restricted inside reserved forests."
Permit
Meaning: Official permission to do something
अर्थ: आधिकारिक अनुमति (परमिट)
"A permit was required to transport wood."
Shifting cultivation
Meaning: Rotation of clearing, burning and farming forest plots
अर्थ: जंगल की जमीन काटकर-जलाकर बारी-बारी से खेती (झूम/स्थानांतरित कृषि)
"Shifting cultivation was banned by the state."
Fallow
Meaning: Land left uncultivated to regain fertility
अर्थ: उर्वरता लौटाने हेतु छोड़ी गई परती भूमि
"Fields were left fallow for years after harvest."
Tubers
Meaning: Thick underground stems/roots used as food
अर्थ: कंद/कंद-मूल
"People collected wild tubers during monsoon."
Implements
Meaning: Tools used for farming or work
अर्थ: औज़ार/उपकरण
"Wood was used to make agricultural implements."
Creeper
Meaning: Plant with long, trailing stems
अर्थ: लता/बेल
"Siadi creeper was used to make ropes."
Thorny
Meaning: Having sharp spines or prickles
अर्थ: कांटेदार
"The thorny bark of semur was used to grate vegetables."
Prohibit
Meaning: To officially forbid something
अर्थ: प्रतिबंधित करना/निषिद्ध करना
"Forest laws prohibit hunting inside reserves."
Poaching
Meaning: Illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals
अर्थ: अवैध शिकार
"Poaching led to the decline of many species."
Extinction
Meaning: Complete disappearance of a species
अर्थ: किसी प्रजाति का लुप्त हो जाना (विलुप्ति)
"Unchecked hunting can cause extinction."
Pastoralist
Meaning: Person who herds and grazes livestock
अर्थ: पशुपालक/चरवाहा समुदाय का सदस्य
"Many pastoralists lost grazing rights."
Nomadic
Meaning: Moving from place to place without permanent home
अर्थ: घुमंतु/खानाबदोश
"Nomadic traders once carried forest produce."
Monopoly
Meaning: Exclusive control over a trade or service
अर्थ: एकाधिकार
"A few firms held monopoly on forest trade."
Regulated
Meaning: Controlled by rules or laws
अर्थ: नियमों द्वारा नियंत्रित (विनियमित)
"Forest trade was strictly regulated."
Latex
Meaning: Milky sap from rubber trees
अर्थ: रबर के पेड़ों से निकला दूधिया रस (लेटेक्स)
"Workers tapped latex from wild rubber trees."
Petition
Meaning: Formal written request to authority
अर्थ: औपचारिक लिखित निवेदन/याचिका
"The Baigas sent a petition to the government."
Rebellion
Meaning: Armed or open resistance to authority
अर्थ: विद्रोह/बगावत
"A major rebellion broke out in Bastar in 1910."
Reservation (forest)
Meaning: Setting aside forest land under strict control
अर्थ: वन क्षेत्र का सरकारी आरक्षण
"Forest reservation displaced many villages."
Displacement
Meaning: Forcible removal of people from their area
अर्थ: विस्थापन
"Reservation caused the displacement of families."
Devastating
Meaning: Causing great damage or suffering
अर्थ: विनाशकारी/भीषण
"War had a devastating impact on forests."
Scorched earth
Meaning: Policy of destroying resources to deny enemy use
अर्थ: शत्रु को वंचित करने हेतु संसाधनों को नष्ट करने की नीति
"The Dutch followed a scorched-earth policy in Java."
Exempt
Meaning: Free from an obligation or payment
अर्थ: छूट देना/मुक्त करना
"Some villages were exempt from rent for forest labour."
Permit system
Meaning: Rule requiring official passes for activities
अर्थ: आवागमन/कार्य हेतु आधिकारिक पास की व्यवस्था
"A permit system controlled wood transport."
Depletion
Meaning: Reduction in number or quantity
अर्थ: क्षय/घटाव
"Oak depletion in England pushed timber search to India."
Erosion
Meaning: Wearing away of soil by wind or water
अर्थ: मृदा का बहाव/कटाव (अपक्षय)
"Deforestation increases soil erosion."
Sustainable
Meaning: Able to be maintained without harming future needs
अर्थ: टिकाऊ/सतत
"Communities promote sustainable forest use."
Sacred grove
Meaning: Community-protected patch of forest for religious reasons
अर्थ: धार्मिक कारणों से संरक्षित वन खंड (पवित्र उपवन)
"Dense forests survived as sacred groves."
Patrolling
Meaning: Regularly watching an area to guard it
अर्थ: गश्त/पहरेदारी
"Villagers took turns patrolling their forests."
Contractor
Meaning: Person or company hired to supply or build
अर्थ: ठेकेदार
"Contractors felled trees indiscriminately."