What does SEBC stand for?

Socially and Economically Backward Classes

Scheduled and Economically Backward Classes

Scheduled and Educationally Backward Classes

What is the purpose of judicial review?

To check the constitutionality of laws

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4 – Working of Institutions

Name: Working of Institutions – Class 9 Political Science
Uploaded: 2026-05-31
Description: Democracy works through institutions like the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Major decisions are taken by elected leaders, implemented by civil servants, and disputes are settled by independent courts. These institutions ensure fairness, accountability, and continuity in governance.

Class 9 Political Science

Last Updated: 31 May 2026

Share on WhatsApp

Chapter Introduction

Democracy works through institutions like the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Major decisions are taken by elected leaders, implemented by civil servants, and disputes are settled by independent courts. These institutions ensure fairness, accountability, and continuity in governance.

हिंदी में (Hindi)

लोकतंत्र में कानून निर्माता, कार्यपालिका और न्यायपालिका जैसी संस्थाएँ काम करती हैं। बड़े निर्णय चुने हुए नेताओं द्वारा लिए जाते हैं, नौकरशाह उन्हें लागू करते हैं और स्वतंत्र न्यायालय विवाद सुलझाते हैं। ये संस्थाएँ शासन में न्याय, जवाबदेही और निरंतरता सुनिश्चित करती हैं।

Watch Video Lecture

Video Coming Soon..

Practice more on the App!

Get unlimited MCQ tests & video lectures.

Download

Important Points

🕐 Coming Soon

Important points for this chapter will be added shortly. Check back soon!

Practice MCQ Questions (29 questions)

Q1. What percentage of government jobs were reserved for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) as per the 1990 Office Memorandum?

Q2. Who was the head of the Second Backward Classes Commission appointed in 1979?

Q3. Which party promised to implement the Mandal Commission report in its 1989 election manifesto?

Q4. Which court case validated the government's decision on SEBC reservation in 1992?

Q5. What is the function of the Parliament in making laws?

Get all 29 MCQ questions + more!

Download the Genius Mind app for unlimited practice, mock tests & video lectures.

▶ Google Play

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

🕐 Coming Soon

FAQs for this chapter will be added soon. Stay tuned!

Tough Words (Glossary)

Democracy

Meaning: A system of government where power lies with the people who elect their rulers

अर्थ: जनता द्वारा शासकों को चुनने वाली शासन व्यवस्था

"Democracy requires fair elections and respect for rights."

Institution

Meaning: A formal organization or rule-based system that performs public functions

अर्थ: सार्वजनिक कार्य करने वाली औपचारिक संस्था या नियम-आधारित व्यवस्था

"Parliament is a key institution of our democracy."

Legislature

Meaning: The branch of government that makes laws

अर्थ: कानून बनाने वाली शासकीय शाखा

"The legislature debated the new education bill."

Executive

Meaning: The branch of government that implements laws and policies

अर्थ: कानूनों और नीतियों को लागू करने वाली शासकीय शाखा

"The executive issued guidelines to implement the scheme."

Judiciary

Meaning: The branch of government that interprets laws and settles disputes

अर्थ: कानून की व्याख्या करने और विवाद सुलझाने वाली शासकीय शाखा

"An independent judiciary protects fundamental rights."

Office Memorandum

Meaning: An official written order or circular issued by a government department

अर्थ: सरकारी विभाग द्वारा जारी आधिकारिक लिखित आदेश या परिपत्र

"The policy began with an office memorandum."

Reservation

Meaning: A set quota of jobs or seats for certain groups

अर्थ: कुछ समूहों के लिए नौकरियों/सीटों का निर्धारित कोटा

"The order announced 27% reservation for SEBC."

SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes)

Meaning: Groups identified as socially and educationally disadvantaged

अर्थ: सामाजिक और शैक्षिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्ग

"The list of SEBC is updated by the government."

Apex Court

Meaning: The highest court in a country; the Supreme Court

अर्थ: देश की सर्वोच्च अदालत; सर्वोच्च न्यायालय

"The apex court upheld the policy."

Verdict

Meaning: A formal decision or judgment given by a court

अर्थ: अदालत द्वारा दिया गया औपचारिक निर्णय

"The court delivered its verdict after long hearings."

Constitution

Meaning: The supreme law that sets rules for government and citizens’ rights

अर्थ: सरकार और नागरिकों के अधिकारों के नियम तय करने वाला सर्वोच्च क़ानून

"The Constitution guarantees equality before law."

Constitutional Amendment

Meaning: A formal change made to the Constitution

अर्थ: संविधान में किया गया औपचारिक परिवर्तन

"Parliament passed a constitutional amendment on education."

Majority

Meaning: More than half of the total number

अर्थ: कुल संख्या का आधे से अधिक भाग

"The party formed the government with a clear majority."

Minority

Meaning: Less than half of the total number; a smaller group

अर्थ: कुल संख्या का आधे से कम; छोटा समूह

"Minority opinions must be respected in a democracy."

Coalition

Meaning: An alliance of parties that join to form a government

अर्थ: सरकार बनाने के लिए पार्टियों का गठबंधन

"A coalition was formed after the election."

Cabinet

Meaning: The group of senior ministers who take major decisions

अर्थ: वरिष्ठ मंत्रियों का समूह जो बड़े निर्णय लेता है

"The Cabinet approved the new policy."

Council of Ministers

Meaning: All ministers collectively responsible to the legislature

अर्थ: सभी मंत्रियों का समूह जो विधायिका के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से उत्तरदायी है

"The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister."

Assent

Meaning: Formal approval, especially by the President

अर्थ: औपचारिक स्वीकृति, विशेषकर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा

"A bill becomes a law after presidential assent."

Impeachment

Meaning: A formal process to remove a high official for misconduct

अर्थ: दुराचार के लिए उच्च अधिकारी को हटाने की औपचारिक प्रक्रिया

"A judge can be removed only through impeachment."

Judicial Review

Meaning: The power of courts to examine the legality of laws and actions

अर्थ: अदालतों की शक्ति जिससे वे क़ानूनों/कार्यों की वैधता परखती हैं

"Judicial review protects the basic structure of the Constitution."

Fundamental Rights

Meaning: Basic rights guaranteed to citizens by the Constitution

अर्थ: संविधान द्वारा नागरिकों को दिए गए मूल अधिकार

"Courts safeguard fundamental rights against violation."

Public Interest Litigation

Meaning: A legal action filed to protect public interest

अर्थ: जनहित की रक्षा के लिए दायर की गई न्यायिक याचिका

"The court admitted a public interest litigation on pollution."

Ordinance

Meaning: A temporary law issued by the executive when Parliament is not in session

अर्थ: संसद सत्र न होने पर कार्यपालिका द्वारा जारी अस्थायी क़ानून

"The President promulgated an ordinance on health safety."

Assurance

Meaning: A firm promise or guarantee

अर्थ: दृढ़ आश्वासन या गारंटी

"The minister gave an assurance to address the issue."

Implementation

Meaning: Putting a decision or plan into effect

अर्थ: किसी निर्णय या योजना को लागू करना

"Implementation of the scheme began last month."

Deliberation

Meaning: Careful discussion and consideration before a decision

अर्थ: निर्णय से पहले सावधानीपूर्वक चर्चा और विचार

"The policy followed wide public deliberation."

Mandate

Meaning: The authority given by voters to a party or leader to govern

अर्थ: मतदाताओं द्वारा पार्टी/नेता को दी गई शासन करने की अनुमति

"The election gave the party a strong mandate."

Consensus

Meaning: General agreement among different groups

अर्थ: विभिन्न समूहों के बीच आम सहमति

"The committee worked to build consensus."

Portfolio

Meaning: The specific department or subject handled by a minister

अर्थ: मंत्री द्वारा संभाला गया विशेष विभाग या विषय

"She was given the health portfolio."

Bureaucracy

Meaning: The system of government officials and offices

अर्थ: सरकारी अधिकारियों और दफ्तरों की व्यवस्था (नौकरशाही)

"Efficient bureaucracy helps quick delivery of services."

Civil Servant

Meaning: A permanent government official

अर्थ: स्थायी सरकारी अधिकारी

"A civil servant signed the office memorandum."

Backlog

Meaning: An accumulation of uncompleted work

अर्थ: लंबित कार्यों का ढेर

"The court is reducing the backlog of cases."

Scrutiny

Meaning: Close and careful examination

अर्थ: सूक्ष्म जाँच-पड़ताल

"The nominations are under strict scrutiny."

Transparency

Meaning: Openness that allows people to see how decisions are made

अर्थ: निर्णयों के बनने की प्रक्रिया में खुलापन (पारदर्शिता)

"Transparency builds public trust."

Accountability

Meaning: Being answerable for actions and decisions

अर्थ: कार्यों और निर्णयों के लिए जवाबदेही

"Ministers have accountability to Parliament."

Affirmative Action

Meaning: Policies that support disadvantaged groups to ensure fairness

अर्थ: वंचित समूहों के समर्थन के लिए नीतियाँ (सकारात्मक भेदभाव)

"Reservation is a form of affirmative action."

Safeguard

Meaning: A measure taken to protect something

अर्थ: रक्षा हेतु उठाया गया उपाय

"The law has safeguards against misuse."

Grievance

Meaning: A complaint about unfair treatment

अर्थ: अनुचित व्यवहार के विरुद्ध शिकायत

"A cell was formed to handle public grievances."

Discretion

Meaning: The freedom to decide what should be done in a situation

अर्थ: स्थिति के अनुसार निर्णय लेने की स्वतंत्रता (विवेकाधिकार)

"The President used her discretion in appointing the PM."

Dissolution

Meaning: The formal ending of a legislative body’s term

अर्थ: विधान मंडल के कार्यकाल का औपचारिक समापन (विघटन)

"The dissolution of the House triggered new elections."

Summon

Meaning: To officially call someone to attend

अर्थ: औपचारिक रूप से उपस्थित होने के लिए बुलाना (समन)

"The Speaker can summon a special session."

Adjournment

Meaning: A pause or suspension of a meeting or session

अर्थ: बैठक/सत्र का स्थगन

"The House was put to adjournment till Monday."

Quorum

Meaning: The minimum number of members needed to conduct a meeting

अर्थ: बैठक चलाने के लिए आवश्यक न्यूनतम सदस्य संख्या (कोरम)

"Proceedings began after the quorum was met."

Bicameral

Meaning: Having two chambers or houses in the legislature

अर्थ: द्विसदनी; विधायिका में दो सदन होना

"India has a bicameral Parliament."

Veto

Meaning: The power to reject a decision or proposal

अर्थ: किसी प्रस्ताव/निर्णय को निरस्त करने की शक्ति (वीटो)

"The President can withhold assent but not veto finally in most cases."

Backbenchers

Meaning: Members who are not part of the leadership and sit in the back rows

अर्थ: नेतृत्व का हिस्सा न होने वाले, पीछे की सीटों पर बैठने वाले सदस्य

"Backbenchers raised local issues in the debate."

Whip

Meaning: A party official who ensures members vote according to party line

अर्थ: पार्टी के सदस्य जिन्हें अनुशासन व मतदान निर्देश लागू कराना होता है (व्हिप)

"The party issued a three-line whip for the vote."

No-confidence Motion

Meaning: A formal motion stating the House has lost confidence in the government

अर्थ: सरकार के प्रति अविश्वास व्यक्त करने वाला औपचारिक प्रस्ताव (अविश्वास प्रस्ताव)

"The government survived the no-confidence motion."

Basic Structure

Meaning: Core features of the Constitution that cannot be altered

अर्थ: संविधान की मूल संरचना जिसे बदला नहीं जा सकता

"The court said federalism is part of the basic structure."

Affidavit

Meaning: A written statement confirmed by oath, used as evidence

अर्थ: हलफनामा; शपथपूर्वक दिया गया लिखित कथन

"Candidates must file an affidavit of assets."

Directive Principles

Meaning: Guidelines for the state to establish social and economic justice

अर्थ: राज्य के लिए सामाजिक‑आर्थिक न्याय स्थापित करने के मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत

"Policies should align with Directive Principles."

Separation of Powers

Meaning: Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches

अर्थ: शक्तियों का विभाजन; सरकार की जिम्मेदारियों का अलग‑अलग शाखाओं में बाँटना

"Separation of powers prevents concentration of authority."

← Previous

Ch 3: Electoral Politics

Ch 5: Democratic Rights