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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4 – Working of Institutions
Class 9 Political Science
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Important Points
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Democracy
Meaning: A system of government where power lies with the people who elect their rulers
अर्थ: जनता द्वारा शासकों को चुनने वाली शासन व्यवस्था
"Democracy requires fair elections and respect for rights."
Institution
Meaning: A formal organization or rule-based system that performs public functions
अर्थ: सार्वजनिक कार्य करने वाली औपचारिक संस्था या नियम-आधारित व्यवस्था
"Parliament is a key institution of our democracy."
Legislature
Meaning: The branch of government that makes laws
अर्थ: कानून बनाने वाली शासकीय शाखा
"The legislature debated the new education bill."
Executive
Meaning: The branch of government that implements laws and policies
अर्थ: कानूनों और नीतियों को लागू करने वाली शासकीय शाखा
"The executive issued guidelines to implement the scheme."
Judiciary
Meaning: The branch of government that interprets laws and settles disputes
अर्थ: कानून की व्याख्या करने और विवाद सुलझाने वाली शासकीय शाखा
"An independent judiciary protects fundamental rights."
Office Memorandum
Meaning: An official written order or circular issued by a government department
अर्थ: सरकारी विभाग द्वारा जारी आधिकारिक लिखित आदेश या परिपत्र
"The policy began with an office memorandum."
Reservation
Meaning: A set quota of jobs or seats for certain groups
अर्थ: कुछ समूहों के लिए नौकरियों/सीटों का निर्धारित कोटा
"The order announced 27% reservation for SEBC."
SEBC (Socially and Educationally Backward Classes)
Meaning: Groups identified as socially and educationally disadvantaged
अर्थ: सामाजिक और शैक्षिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्ग
"The list of SEBC is updated by the government."
Apex Court
Meaning: The highest court in a country; the Supreme Court
अर्थ: देश की सर्वोच्च अदालत; सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
"The apex court upheld the policy."
Verdict
Meaning: A formal decision or judgment given by a court
अर्थ: अदालत द्वारा दिया गया औपचारिक निर्णय
"The court delivered its verdict after long hearings."
Constitution
Meaning: The supreme law that sets rules for government and citizens’ rights
अर्थ: सरकार और नागरिकों के अधिकारों के नियम तय करने वाला सर्वोच्च क़ानून
"The Constitution guarantees equality before law."
Constitutional Amendment
Meaning: A formal change made to the Constitution
अर्थ: संविधान में किया गया औपचारिक परिवर्तन
"Parliament passed a constitutional amendment on education."
Majority
Meaning: More than half of the total number
अर्थ: कुल संख्या का आधे से अधिक भाग
"The party formed the government with a clear majority."
Minority
Meaning: Less than half of the total number; a smaller group
अर्थ: कुल संख्या का आधे से कम; छोटा समूह
"Minority opinions must be respected in a democracy."
Coalition
Meaning: An alliance of parties that join to form a government
अर्थ: सरकार बनाने के लिए पार्टियों का गठबंधन
"A coalition was formed after the election."
Cabinet
Meaning: The group of senior ministers who take major decisions
अर्थ: वरिष्ठ मंत्रियों का समूह जो बड़े निर्णय लेता है
"The Cabinet approved the new policy."
Council of Ministers
Meaning: All ministers collectively responsible to the legislature
अर्थ: सभी मंत्रियों का समूह जो विधायिका के प्रति सामूहिक रूप से उत्तरदायी है
"The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister."
Assent
Meaning: Formal approval, especially by the President
अर्थ: औपचारिक स्वीकृति, विशेषकर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा
"A bill becomes a law after presidential assent."
Impeachment
Meaning: A formal process to remove a high official for misconduct
अर्थ: दुराचार के लिए उच्च अधिकारी को हटाने की औपचारिक प्रक्रिया
"A judge can be removed only through impeachment."
Judicial Review
Meaning: The power of courts to examine the legality of laws and actions
अर्थ: अदालतों की शक्ति जिससे वे क़ानूनों/कार्यों की वैधता परखती हैं
"Judicial review protects the basic structure of the Constitution."
Fundamental Rights
Meaning: Basic rights guaranteed to citizens by the Constitution
अर्थ: संविधान द्वारा नागरिकों को दिए गए मूल अधिकार
"Courts safeguard fundamental rights against violation."
Public Interest Litigation
Meaning: A legal action filed to protect public interest
अर्थ: जनहित की रक्षा के लिए दायर की गई न्यायिक याचिका
"The court admitted a public interest litigation on pollution."
Ordinance
Meaning: A temporary law issued by the executive when Parliament is not in session
अर्थ: संसद सत्र न होने पर कार्यपालिका द्वारा जारी अस्थायी क़ानून
"The President promulgated an ordinance on health safety."
Assurance
Meaning: A firm promise or guarantee
अर्थ: दृढ़ आश्वासन या गारंटी
"The minister gave an assurance to address the issue."
Implementation
Meaning: Putting a decision or plan into effect
अर्थ: किसी निर्णय या योजना को लागू करना
"Implementation of the scheme began last month."
Deliberation
Meaning: Careful discussion and consideration before a decision
अर्थ: निर्णय से पहले सावधानीपूर्वक चर्चा और विचार
"The policy followed wide public deliberation."
Mandate
Meaning: The authority given by voters to a party or leader to govern
अर्थ: मतदाताओं द्वारा पार्टी/नेता को दी गई शासन करने की अनुमति
"The election gave the party a strong mandate."
Consensus
Meaning: General agreement among different groups
अर्थ: विभिन्न समूहों के बीच आम सहमति
"The committee worked to build consensus."
Portfolio
Meaning: The specific department or subject handled by a minister
अर्थ: मंत्री द्वारा संभाला गया विशेष विभाग या विषय
"She was given the health portfolio."
Bureaucracy
Meaning: The system of government officials and offices
अर्थ: सरकारी अधिकारियों और दफ्तरों की व्यवस्था (नौकरशाही)
"Efficient bureaucracy helps quick delivery of services."
Civil Servant
Meaning: A permanent government official
अर्थ: स्थायी सरकारी अधिकारी
"A civil servant signed the office memorandum."
Backlog
Meaning: An accumulation of uncompleted work
अर्थ: लंबित कार्यों का ढेर
"The court is reducing the backlog of cases."
Scrutiny
Meaning: Close and careful examination
अर्थ: सूक्ष्म जाँच-पड़ताल
"The nominations are under strict scrutiny."
Transparency
Meaning: Openness that allows people to see how decisions are made
अर्थ: निर्णयों के बनने की प्रक्रिया में खुलापन (पारदर्शिता)
"Transparency builds public trust."
Accountability
Meaning: Being answerable for actions and decisions
अर्थ: कार्यों और निर्णयों के लिए जवाबदेही
"Ministers have accountability to Parliament."
Affirmative Action
Meaning: Policies that support disadvantaged groups to ensure fairness
अर्थ: वंचित समूहों के समर्थन के लिए नीतियाँ (सकारात्मक भेदभाव)
"Reservation is a form of affirmative action."
Safeguard
Meaning: A measure taken to protect something
अर्थ: रक्षा हेतु उठाया गया उपाय
"The law has safeguards against misuse."
Grievance
Meaning: A complaint about unfair treatment
अर्थ: अनुचित व्यवहार के विरुद्ध शिकायत
"A cell was formed to handle public grievances."
Discretion
Meaning: The freedom to decide what should be done in a situation
अर्थ: स्थिति के अनुसार निर्णय लेने की स्वतंत्रता (विवेकाधिकार)
"The President used her discretion in appointing the PM."
Dissolution
Meaning: The formal ending of a legislative body’s term
अर्थ: विधान मंडल के कार्यकाल का औपचारिक समापन (विघटन)
"The dissolution of the House triggered new elections."
Summon
Meaning: To officially call someone to attend
अर्थ: औपचारिक रूप से उपस्थित होने के लिए बुलाना (समन)
"The Speaker can summon a special session."
Adjournment
Meaning: A pause or suspension of a meeting or session
अर्थ: बैठक/सत्र का स्थगन
"The House was put to adjournment till Monday."
Quorum
Meaning: The minimum number of members needed to conduct a meeting
अर्थ: बैठक चलाने के लिए आवश्यक न्यूनतम सदस्य संख्या (कोरम)
"Proceedings began after the quorum was met."
Bicameral
Meaning: Having two chambers or houses in the legislature
अर्थ: द्विसदनी; विधायिका में दो सदन होना
"India has a bicameral Parliament."
Veto
Meaning: The power to reject a decision or proposal
अर्थ: किसी प्रस्ताव/निर्णय को निरस्त करने की शक्ति (वीटो)
"The President can withhold assent but not veto finally in most cases."
Backbenchers
Meaning: Members who are not part of the leadership and sit in the back rows
अर्थ: नेतृत्व का हिस्सा न होने वाले, पीछे की सीटों पर बैठने वाले सदस्य
"Backbenchers raised local issues in the debate."
Whip
Meaning: A party official who ensures members vote according to party line
अर्थ: पार्टी के सदस्य जिन्हें अनुशासन व मतदान निर्देश लागू कराना होता है (व्हिप)
"The party issued a three-line whip for the vote."
No-confidence Motion
Meaning: A formal motion stating the House has lost confidence in the government
अर्थ: सरकार के प्रति अविश्वास व्यक्त करने वाला औपचारिक प्रस्ताव (अविश्वास प्रस्ताव)
"The government survived the no-confidence motion."
Basic Structure
Meaning: Core features of the Constitution that cannot be altered
अर्थ: संविधान की मूल संरचना जिसे बदला नहीं जा सकता
"The court said federalism is part of the basic structure."
Affidavit
Meaning: A written statement confirmed by oath, used as evidence
अर्थ: हलफनामा; शपथपूर्वक दिया गया लिखित कथन
"Candidates must file an affidavit of assets."
Directive Principles
Meaning: Guidelines for the state to establish social and economic justice
अर्थ: राज्य के लिए सामाजिक‑आर्थिक न्याय स्थापित करने के मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत
"Policies should align with Directive Principles."
Separation of Powers
Meaning: Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches
अर्थ: शक्तियों का विभाजन; सरकार की जिम्मेदारियों का अलग‑अलग शाखाओं में बाँटना
"Separation of powers prevents concentration of authority."