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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 Political Science Chapter 2 – Constitutional Design
Class 9 Political Science
Last Updated: 15 April 2026
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हिंदी में (Hindi)
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Important Points
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Practice MCQ Questions (29 questions)
Q1. Who led the struggle against apartheid in South Africa?
✓ Correct Answer: A
Q2. What was apartheid in South Africa?
✓ Correct Answer: A
Q3. In which year was Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment?
✓ Correct Answer: A
Q4. What was the African National Congress (ANC)?
✓ Correct Answer: A
Q5. What did the apartheid system in South Africa enforce?
✓ Correct Answer: A
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Tough Words (Glossary)
constitution
Meaning: the supreme set of rules and principles for governing a country
अर्थ: संविधान: देश को चलाने के सर्वोच्च नियमों और सिद्धांतों का समूह
"India’s Constitution sets limits on government power."
apartheid
Meaning: a system of racial separation and discrimination once used in South Africa
अर्थ: अपार्थाइड: दक्षिण अफ्रीका में लागू नस्लीय अलगाव और भेदभाव की व्यवस्था
"Apartheid kept black and white people in separate areas."
domination
Meaning: control or power over others
अर्थ: वर्चस्व/प्रभुत्व: दूसरों पर नियंत्रण या शक्ति
"The movement opposed white domination."
treason
Meaning: the crime of betraying your country
अर्थ: देशद्रोह: अपने देश के साथ विश्वासघात का अपराध
"Mandela was tried for treason by the regime."
repressive
Meaning: using force to control people and limit their freedom
अर्थ: दमनकारी: बलपूर्वक लोगों की स्वतंत्रता सीमित करने वाला
"A repressive law silenced protests."
segregation
Meaning: keeping people apart based on race, religion, etc.
अर्थ: अलगाव: नस्ल/धर्म आदि के आधार पर लोगों को अलग रखना
"Segregation meant separate schools and buses."
discrimination
Meaning: unfair treatment of a person or group
अर्थ: भेदभाव: किसी व्यक्ति/समूह के साथ अनुचित व्यवहार
"The Constitution bans discrimination by caste."
oppressive
Meaning: very harsh and unjust
अर्थ: उत्पीड़क/दमनकारी: बहुत कठोर और अन्यायपूर्ण
"Oppressive rules denied basic rights."
denounce
Meaning: to publicly condemn as wrong
अर्थ: निंदा करना/धिक्कारना: सार्वजनिक रूप से गलत बताना
"Many countries denounced apartheid."
regime
Meaning: a form of government, often authoritarian
अर्थ: शासन/शासनतंत्र: सरकार का प्रकार, अक्सर निरंकुश
"The regime changed its policies."
referendum
Meaning: a direct vote by citizens on a specific issue
अर्थ: जनमत संग्रह: किसी मुद्दे पर जनता द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष मतदान
"The leader held a referendum to extend power."
amendment
Meaning: a formal change to a law or document
अर्थ: संशोधन: किसी कानून/दस्तावेज़ में औपचारिक बदलाव
"Parliament passed a constitutional amendment."
preamble
Meaning: the introductory statement of a constitution
अर्थ: प्रस्तावना: संविधान का प्रारंभिक वक्तव्य
"The Preamble states justice, liberty, equality, fraternity."
sovereign
Meaning: having supreme power and independence
अर्थ: सार्वभौम: सर्वोच्च शक्ति और स्वतंत्रता वाला
"India is a sovereign nation."
socialist
Meaning: favoring social ownership and reducing inequality
अर्थ: समाजवादी: सामाजिक स्वामित्व और असमानता घटाने का समर्थन
"A socialist aim is to share wealth fairly."
secular
Meaning: not favoring any religion; treating all religions equally
अर्थ: धर्मनिरपेक्ष: किसी धर्म का पक्ष न लेना, सभी धर्मों के प्रति समान व्यवहार
"India is a secular state."
democratic
Meaning: where people elect rulers and have equal political rights
अर्थ: लोकतांत्रिक: जहाँ लोग शासक चुनते हैं और समान राजनीतिक अधिकार होते हैं
"A democratic government must be accountable."
republic
Meaning: a state with an elected head, not a hereditary monarch
अर्थ: गणराज्य: जहाँ राष्ट्राध्यक्ष चुना जाता है, वंशानुगत नहीं होता
"India is a democratic republic."
liberty
Meaning: freedom to think, speak and act within law
अर्थ: स्वतंत्रता: सोचने‑कहने‑करने की वैधानिक आज़ादी
"Liberty includes freedom of expression."
equality
Meaning: the state of being equal in status and rights
अर्थ: समानता: दर्जे और अधिकारों में बराबरी
"Equality before law is essential."
fraternity
Meaning: a feeling of brotherhood and unity
अर्थ: बंधुता: भाईचारे और एकता की भावना
"Fraternity promotes national unity."
consensus
Meaning: general agreement among a group
अर्थ: सर्वसम्मति/समझौता: समूह में व्यापक सहमति
"Leaders reached a consensus on the rules."
deliberation
Meaning: careful discussion and consideration
अर्थ: विमर्श: सोच‑समझकर चर्चा करना
"The draft was passed after long deliberation."
draft
Meaning: a preliminary version of a document
अर्थ: मसौदा: दस्तावेज़ का प्रारम्भिक रूप
"The Drafting Committee prepared the draft."
institutional design
Meaning: the structure and rules that shape how institutions work
अर्थ: संस्थागत रूपरेखा: संस्थाओं के काम करने की संरचना और नियम
"Good institutional design limits power."
foundational values
Meaning: basic principles that guide a system
अर्थ: मौलिक मूल्य: किसी व्यवस्था का मार्गदर्शन करने वाले मूल सिद्धांत
"Justice and equality are foundational values."
legitimacy
Meaning: the acceptance and justification of authority
अर्थ: वैधता/स्वीकार्यता: सत्ता की स्वीकार्य और उचित स्थिति
"Elections give legitimacy to a government."
sanctity
Meaning: the quality of being sacred or inviolable
अर्थ: पवित्रता/अभेद्यता: अति सम्माननीय या अटल होना
"Debates gave sanctity to the Constitution."
umbrella organisation
Meaning: a group that unites many smaller groups
अर्थ: छत्र संगठन: कई छोटे समूहों को जोड़ने वाला संगठन
"The ANC was an umbrella organisation."
detain
Meaning: to keep someone in official custody
अर्थ: नज़रबंद/हिरासत में रखना
"Protesters were detained without trial."
atrocity
Meaning: an extremely cruel act
अर्थ: अत्याचार: अत्यंत क्रूर कृत्य
"The world condemned the atrocities."
multi‑racial
Meaning: including people of many races
अर्थ: बहु‑नस्लीय: कई नस्लों को शामिल करने वाला
"A multi‑racial government was formed."
charter
Meaning: a document stating principles or rights
अर्थ: चार्टर/अधिनियमपत्र: सिद्धांतों/अधिकारों का बयान करने वाला दस्तावेज़
"The Constitution is a charter of rights."
transform
Meaning: to change completely, especially for the better
अर्थ: परिवर्तित करना/बदल देना, खासकर बेहतर के लिए
"They aimed to transform society."
inequality
Meaning: lack of equality; unfair difference
अर्थ: असमानता: बराबरी का अभाव, अनुचित अंतर
"The goal is to reduce inequality."
parliamentary
Meaning: related to a parliament (elected legislature)
अर्थ: संसदीय: संसद से संबंधित
"India follows a parliamentary system."
franchise (universal adult)
Meaning: the right of all adults to vote
अर्थ: मताधिकार (सार्वभौमिक वयस्क): सभी वयस्कों का मतदान का अधिकार
"Universal adult franchise makes voting equal."
Bill of Rights
Meaning: a formal list of citizens’ basic rights
अर्थ: अधिकार विधेयक: नागरिकों के मूल अधिकारों की औपचारिक सूची
"The Bill of Rights protects freedom."
minority
Meaning: a smaller group within a population
अर्थ: अल्पसंख्यक: जनसंख्या के भीतर छोटा समूह
"The Constitution safeguards minority rights."
majority
Meaning: more than half; the larger part
अर्थ: बहुसंख्यक: आधे से ज्यादा, बड़ा भाग
"Majority rule cannot ignore rights."
supreme law
Meaning: the highest law that overrides others
अर्थ: सर्वोच्च कानून: अन्य कानूनों से ऊपर का कानून
"The Constitution is the supreme law."
citizens’ rights
Meaning: legal freedoms and protections for people
अर्थ: नागरिक अधिकार: लोगों के लिए कानूनी स्वतंत्रताएँ और संरक्षण
"Courts protect citizens’ rights."
values
Meaning: principles or standards of behavior
अर्थ: मूल्य: आचरण के सिद्धांत या मानदंड
"Democratic values guide policies."
rule of law
Meaning: the idea that law applies equally to all
अर्थ: कानून का शासन: कानून सब पर समान रूप से लागू होता है
"Rule of law restrains power."
constituent assembly
Meaning: a body elected to draft a constitution
अर्थ: संविधान सभा: संविधान बनाने के लिए चुना गया निकाय
"The Constituent Assembly met in 1946."
clause
Meaning: a specific section within a legal document
अर्थ: धारा/उपधारा: कानूनी दस्तावेज़ का विशिष्ट भाग
"Members debated each clause."
rationale
Meaning: the reason or logic behind something
अर्थ: तर्कसंगति/औचित्य: किसी बात के पीछे का कारण
"Debates recorded the rationale of provisions."
aspirations
Meaning: strong hopes or ambitions
अर्थ: आकांक्षाएँ: प्रबल आशाएँ या महत्वाकांक्षाएँ
"The Constitution expresses people’s aspirations."
amendable
Meaning: capable of being changed by formal process
अर्थ: संशोधनयोग्य: औपचारिक प्रक्रिया से बदला जा सकने योग्य
"Our Constitution is amendable when needed."
inviolable
Meaning: too important to be ignored or broken
अर्थ: अभंग/अटल: जिसे तोड़ा/नज़रअंदाज़ नहीं किया जा सकता
"Basic rights are inviolable."
integrity
Meaning: unity and wholeness; honesty
अर्थ: अखंडता: एकता और सम्पूर्णता; ईमानदारी
"Fraternity assures unity and integrity of the nation."
thralldom
Meaning: the state of being in bondage or slavery
अर्थ: दासता/ग़ुलामी: बंधन की अवस्था
"Gandhi dreamt of ending all thralldom."
pledge
Meaning: a serious promise or commitment
अर्थ: प्रतिज्ञा/प्रतिबद्धता: गंभीर वचन
"We take a pledge to uphold the Constitution."
tryst
Meaning: a meeting or appointment, here used as a solemn rendezvous with destiny
अर्थ: पूर्वनियत भेंट/संधि: यहाँ भाग्य के साथ गंभीर मिलन
"Nehru spoke of a tryst with destiny."