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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 10 History Chapter 4 – The Age of Industrialisation
Class 10 History
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Tough Words (Glossary)
industrialisation
Meaning: the process of developing industries on a large scale
अर्थ: औद्योगीकरण
"Industrialisation changed the face of Europe."
illustration
Meaning: a picture or drawing used for explanation
अर्थ: चित्रण
"The book had an illustration of a cotton mill."
symbolising
Meaning: representing something by symbols
अर्थ: प्रतीक स्वरूप दिखाना
"The wheel was symbolising time."
glorification
Meaning: praising something too much
अर्थ: महिमा मंडन
"The glorification of machines was common in the 19th century."
mechanic
Meaning: a skilled worker who repairs machines
अर्थ: मिस्त्री
"The mechanic repaired the factory machines."
modernity
Meaning: the quality of being modern
अर्थ: आधुनिकता
"Modernity brought new challenges to society."
innovation
Meaning: a new method or idea
अर्थ: नवाचार
"The steam engine was a great innovation."
proto-industrialisation
Meaning: early phase of industrialisation before factories
अर्थ: पूर्व-औद्योगीकरण
"Proto-industrialisation involved rural households producing goods."
merchants
Meaning: people involved in trade
अर्थ: व्यापारी
"Merchants played a big role in early trade."
guilds
Meaning: associations of craftsmen or merchants
अर्थ: शिल्प संघ
"Guilds controlled the quality of goods."
monopoly
Meaning: exclusive control over trade
अर्थ: एकाधिकार
"The East India Company had a monopoly over trade."
cottage industry
Meaning: small-scale production in homes
अर्थ: कुटीर उद्योग
"Many people worked in the cottage industry."
loom
Meaning: a machine for weaving cloth
अर्थ: करघा
"Weavers used looms to make cloth."
fullers
Meaning: workers who clean and finish cloth
अर्थ: कपड़ा साफ़ करने वाले
"Fullers worked before cloth was dyed."
dyers
Meaning: people who colour fabrics
अर्थ: रंगरेज़
"The dyers coloured the cloth beautifully."
finishing centre
Meaning: place where goods are given final touches
अर्थ: समापन केंद्र
"London became a finishing centre for textiles."
efficacy
Meaning: ability to produce desired results
अर्थ: प्रभावकारिता
"The new machines increased the efficacy of production."
supervision
Meaning: watching over a process or people
अर्थ: निगरानी
"The factory manager kept strict supervision."
imposing
Meaning: impressive in size or appearance
अर्थ: भव्य
"The factory building looked imposing."
dazzled
Meaning: amazed or impressed greatly
अर्थ: चकित
"People were dazzled by the new technology."
aristocrats
Meaning: noble or high-class people
अर्थ: अभिजात वर्ग
"Aristocrats preferred handmade goods."
bourgeoisie
Meaning: middle-class people involved in trade or industry
अर्थ: मध्यम वर्ग
"The bourgeoisie supported industrialisation."
refinement
Meaning: quality of being polished or cultured
अर्थ: परिष्कार
"Handmade goods symbolised refinement."
profound
Meaning: deep or intense
अर्थ: गहरा
"Industrialisation had a profound impact on society."
fluctuations
Meaning: frequent changes
अर्थ: उतार-चढ़ाव
"There were fluctuations in textile demand."
slump
Meaning: a sudden decline
अर्थ: मंदी
"The market faced a slump in 1830."
casual labour
Meaning: temporary or irregular work
अर्थ: अस्थायी मज़दूरी
"Many workers depended on casual labour."
destitute
Meaning: extremely poor
अर्थ: निर्धन
"The destitute workers lived on streets."
refuges
Meaning: places that provide shelter
अर्थ: आश्रय
"Night refuges gave shelter to the homeless."
Napoleonic Wars
Meaning: wars fought during Napoleon’s rule in Europe
अर्थ: नेपोलियन युद्ध
"The Napoleonic Wars affected trade."
banditti
Meaning: a group of robbers or outlaws
अर्थ: डाकुओं का झुंड
"A banditti attacked the factory."
expostulation
Meaning: strong argument against something
अर्थ: कड़ा विरोध
"The workers made an expostulation against machines."
emigrated
Meaning: moved from one country to another to settle
अर्थ: प्रवासन किया
"Many weavers emigrated due to poverty."
desolation
Meaning: a state of emptiness or destruction
अर्थ: उजाड़पन
"Weaving villages faced desolation."
exorbitant
Meaning: unreasonably high (price or demand)
अर्थ: अत्यधिक
"Weavers paid exorbitant prices for cotton."
entrepreneurs
Meaning: people who start businesses
अर्थ: उद्यमी
"Entrepreneurs invested in new factories."
consignments
Meaning: shipments of goods
अर्थ: माल की खेप
"Merchants exported consignments of opium."
agency houses
Meaning: European trading and managing firms
अर्थ: एजेंसी घराने
"Agency houses controlled industries in India."
authoritative
Meaning: having power and influence
अर्थ: प्रभावशाली
"The jobber was an authoritative figure."
peculiarities
Meaning: special features or characteristics
अर्थ: विशेषताएँ
"Industrial growth in India had peculiarities."
predominate
Meaning: to be the strongest or main element
अर्थ: प्रबल होना
"Small industries continued to predominate."
fly shuttle
Meaning: a device that speeds up weaving
अर्थ: फ्लाई शटल
"Weavers used the fly shuttle to increase productivity."
consumer culture
Meaning: a society focused on buying goods
अर्थ: उपभोक्ता संस्कृति
"Advertisements created a consumer culture."
swadeshi
Meaning: Indian movement to promote indigenous goods
अर्थ: स्वदेशी
"The swadeshi movement promoted Indian cloth."
advertisements
Meaning: public promotions of goods or services
अर्थ: विज्ञापन
"Advertisements made products popular."
calendars
Meaning: printed sheets showing days, months and years
अर्थ: कैलेंडर
"Manufacturers used calendars for promotion."
heritage
Meaning: cultural traditions passed down generations
अर्थ: विरासत
"Handloom weaving is India’s heritage."