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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 10 History Chapter 2 – Nationalism in India
Class 10 History
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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हिंदी में (Hindi)
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Important Points
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Nationalism
Meaning: Strong feeling of loyalty and pride for one’s nation
अर्थ: राष्ट्र के प्रति निष्ठा और गर्व की भावना
"Nationalism united people to fight colonial rule."
Nation-state
Meaning: A country where people share common identity and government
अर्थ: ऐसा देश जहाँ लोगों की साझा पहचान और शासन हो
"Many European nation-states formed in the 19th century."
Identity
Meaning: Who or what a person or group is
अर्थ: पहचान; व्यक्ति या समूह का स्वरूप
"The movement changed people’s sense of identity."
Belonging
Meaning: Feeling of being part of a group
अर्थ: समूह का हिस्सा होने का भाव
"Songs created a sense of belonging among people."
Icon
Meaning: A symbol or image that represents an idea
अर्थ: प्रतीक/छवि जो किसी विचार का प्रतिनिधित्व करे
"Bharat Mata became an icon of the nation."
Forge
Meaning: To build or form something strongly
अर्थ: गढ़ना/मज़बूती से बनाना
"The Congress tried to forge unity across groups."
Anti-colonial
Meaning: Opposing rule by a foreign power
अर्थ: औपनिवेशिक शासन का विरोध करने वाला
"Anti-colonial movements spread after 1919."
Oppressed
Meaning: Treated unjustly and harshly
अर्थ: उत्पीड़ित/दबाया गया
"The oppressed found hope in Gandhiji’s ideas."
Colonialism
Meaning: Control of a country by a foreign power
अर्थ: विदेशी शक्ति द्वारा देश पर नियंत्रण (औपनिवेशिक शासन)
"Colonialism affected each class differently."
Consciousness
Meaning: Awareness and understanding
अर्थ: चेतना/जागरूकता
"National consciousness grew through struggle."
Non-Cooperation
Meaning: Refusal to assist an unjust government
अर्थ: अन合作/अन्यायपूर्ण सरकार के साथ सहयोग न करना
"Students joined the Non-Cooperation Movement."
Civil Disobedience
Meaning: Breaking unjust laws peacefully
अर्थ: नागरिक अवज्ञा; अन्यायपूर्ण कानूनों का शांतिपूर्वक उल्लंघन
"People broke the salt law during Civil Disobedience."
Satyagraha
Meaning: Non-violent resistance based on truth
अर्थ: सत्याग्रह; सत्य पर आधारित अहिंसक प्रतिरोध
"Satyagraha appealed to the oppressor’s conscience."
Vengeance
Meaning: Revenge; desire to hurt back
अर्थ: प्रतिशोध/बदला
"Satyagraha rejected vengeance and violence."
Conscience
Meaning: Inner sense of right and wrong
अर्थ: अंतरात्मा/नैतिक बोध
"He appealed to the ruler’s conscience."
Oppressor
Meaning: A person who treats others cruelly
अर्थ: उत्पीड़क/जुल्म करने वाला
"The oppressor could be defeated without violence."
Agitation
Meaning: Strong public protest or movement
अर्थ: आंदोलन/उत्पात
"Workers joined the agitation against racist laws."
Regime
Meaning: A system or government in power
अर्थ: शासन/प्रशासन
"He fought the racist regime in South Africa."
Epidemic
Meaning: A fast-spreading disease in an area
अर्थ: महामारी
"An influenza epidemic caused many deaths."
Perish
Meaning: To die, especially in a tragic way
अर्थ: मर जाना/नष्ट होना
"Millions perished during the famine and epidemic."
Famine
Meaning: Severe shortage of food
अर्थ: अकाल/भुखमरी
"Crops failed and famine followed."
Hartal
Meaning: A strike or closure as protest
अर्थ: हड़ताल/बंद
"Gandhiji called for a nation-wide hartal."
Martial law
Meaning: Military rule that limits normal rights
अर्थ: सैन्य शासन/कर्फ्यू जैसा नियंत्रण
"Martial law was imposed in Amritsar."
Repression
Meaning: Harsh control to crush opposition
अर्थ: दमन/कठोर दंड
"The government used brutal repression."
Monopoly
Meaning: Exclusive control over making/selling something
अर्थ: एकाधिकार
"The salt tax and government monopoly angered people."
Ultimatum
Meaning: Final demand with a threat of action
अर्थ: अंतिम चेतावनी/अल्टीमेटम
"Gandhiji’s letter to Irwin was an ultimatum."
Volunteers
Meaning: People who freely offer to help
अर्थ: स्वयंसेवक
"Seventy‑eight volunteers began the Dandi March."
Boycott
Meaning: To refuse to use or buy as protest
अर्थ: बहिष्कार करना
"People boycotted foreign cloth."
Picket
Meaning: To protest outside a place to stop activity
अर्थ: धरना देकर रोकना (पिकेटिंग)
"Women picketed liquor shops."
Procession
Meaning: A group of people moving together in an event
अर्थ: जुलूस/शोभायात्रा
"A peaceful procession turned violent at Chauri Chaura."
Indentured
Meaning: Bound by contract to work for a period
अर्थ: बंधुआ (करारनामा के तहत)
"Baba Ramchandra had been an indentured labourer."
Talukdar
Meaning: A big landlord collecting revenue (historical)
अर्थ: तालुकदार; बड़ा ज़मींदार
"Peasants protested against oppressive talukdars."
Cess
Meaning: A tax or levy for a specific purpose
अर्थ: सेस; विशेष कर
"Landlords collected many cesses from peasants."
Begar
Meaning: Unpaid forced labour
अर्थ: बेगार; बिना मजदूरी का काम
"Villagers were forced to do begar on estates."
Tenure
Meaning: The period or conditions of holding land/job
अर्थ: कब्जे/किरायेदारी की अवधि व शर्तें
"Tenants had no secure tenure."
Evict
Meaning: To force someone to leave land/house
अर्थ: उजाड़ना/निकाल देना
"Many tenants were evicted without notice."
Guerrilla
Meaning: Irregular warfare by small groups
अर्थ: गुरिल्ला; छापामार युद्ध
"Rebels carried on guerrilla warfare in the hills."
Militant
Meaning: Favouring aggressive, often violent action
अर्थ: उग्र/आक्रामक
"A militant movement arose in the Gudem Hills."
Apprehension
Meaning: Anxiety or fear about something
अर्थ: आशंका/चिंता
"There was apprehension of prolonged disruption."
Electorate
Meaning: All people eligible to vote in an election
अर्थ: निर्वाचन मंडल/मतदाता समूह
"Ambedkar demanded a separate electorate."
Dominion status
Meaning: Limited self-rule within the British Empire
अर्थ: डोमिनियन स्टेटस; सीमित स्वशासन
"Irwin offered vague dominion status."
Purna Swaraj
Meaning: Complete independence for India
अर्थ: पूर्ण स्वराज; पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता
"The Lahore Congress demanded Purna Swaraj."
Depression (economic)
Meaning: Long period of low economic activity
अर्थ: मंदी; आर्थिक गिरावट की लंबी अवधि
"The Great Depression hurt peasants badly."
Defy
Meaning: To openly resist or disobey
अर्थ: अवहेलना करना/टकराना
"Gandhiji urged people to defy unjust laws."
Abolish
Meaning: To officially end a law or system
अर्थ: समाप्त करना/निरस्त करना
"He demanded to abolish the salt tax."
Resentment
Meaning: Anger because of unfair treatment
अर्थ: कुंठा/आक्रोश
"High revenue demand caused resentment."
Radical
Meaning: Wanting major, fast change
अर्थ: कट्टर/मौलिक बदलाव चाहने वाला
"Young radicals pressed for full independence."
Aloft
Meaning: Held up high
अर्थ: ऊपर उठाकर
"People carried the flag aloft in marches."
Defiance
Meaning: Open resistance; bold disobedience
अर्थ: अवज्ञा/चुनौती
"Carrying the tricolour became a sign of defiance."
Reinterpretation
Meaning: Explaining something again in a new way
अर्थ: नए दृष्टिकोण से व्याख्या
"History saw a reinterpretation to build pride."