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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 – Poverty as a Challenge
Class 9 Economics
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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हिंदी में (Hindi)
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Important Points
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Tough Words (Glossary)
landless
Meaning: Without owning any land
अर्थ: बेनामी/भूमिहीन (जिसके पास भूमि नहीं है)
"Many landless workers depend on daily wages."
labourer
Meaning: A person who does physical work for wages
अर्थ: मज़दूर (शारीरिक श्रम करने वाला व्यक्ति)
"The labourer carried bricks to the site."
overcrowded
Meaning: Filled with too many people
अर्थ: भीड़भाड़ वाला/अतिभारित
"They live in an overcrowded slum."
jhuggi
Meaning: A small hut or shanty in a slum area
अर्थ: झुग्गी (झोपड़ीनुमा घर)
"The family shifted to a jhuggi near the market."
daily-wage
Meaning: Paid per day of work
अर्थ: दैनिक मज़दूरी/दैनिक वेतन
"He is a daily-wage worker at the mill."
sustain
Meaning: To keep something going; to support
अर्थ: जीविका चलाना/सहारा देना
"The income is too low to sustain the family."
sustenance
Meaning: Food or money needed to live
अर्थ: जीविका/आहार
"He sends money home for his parents’ sustenance."
outskirts
Meaning: Outer parts of a city or town
अर्थ: नगरीय सीमा का बाहरी भाग/नगरीय बाहरी क्षेत्र
"They live on the outskirts of Ranchi."
meagre
Meaning: Very small in amount
अर्थ: अल्प/बहुत कम
"They survive on a meagre meal twice a day."
hand-me-down
Meaning: Used items passed from one person to another
अर्थ: उधार/पुराने इस्तेमाल के कपड़े
"The children wear hand‑me‑down clothes."
undernourished
Meaning: Not having enough food for good health
अर्थ: कुपोषित
"The younger kids are undernourished."
erratic
Meaning: Not regular or predictable
अर्थ: अनियमित/अस्थिर
"His work is erratic and so is his income."
toil
Meaning: To work very hard
अर्थ: कड़ी मेहनत करना/खटना
"They toil in the fields all day."
fodder
Meaning: Food for farm animals
अर्थ: चारा
"The women chop fodder every day."
ebb away
Meaning: To gradually become weaker or less
अर्थ: धीरे‑धीरे कम होना/ढलना
"Her health is ebbing away due to illness."
tatters
Meaning: Old, torn pieces of cloth
अर्थ: चिथड़े
"The beggar’s clothes were in tatters."
malnutrition
Meaning: Poor health from not eating the right food
अर्थ: कुपोषण
"Malnutrition is common among the poor."
illiteracy
Meaning: Inability to read and write
अर्थ: निर्अक्षरता/अशिक्षा
"Illiteracy keeps many children out of jobs."
sanitation
Meaning: Measures for public health like clean water and toilets
अर्थ: स्वच्छता व्यवस्था/स्वच्छताके उपाय
"Good sanitation prevents diseases."
helplessness
Meaning: A feeling of being unable to do anything
अर्थ: लाचारी/असहायता
"Poverty creates a sense of helplessness."
abject
Meaning: Extremely bad or severe
अर्थ: चरम/दयनीय
"Many families live in abject poverty."
facet
Meaning: One side or aspect of something
अर्थ: पहलू
"Poverty has many facets beyond income."
indicator
Meaning: A sign that shows the condition of something
अर्थ: सूचक
"Literacy is an indicator of development."
consumption
Meaning: Using goods and services
अर्थ: उपभोग
"Household consumption fell last year."
social exclusion
Meaning: Being kept out of opportunities enjoyed by others
अर्थ: सामाजिक बहिष्करण
"Caste can cause social exclusion."
vulnerability
Meaning: Higher chance of being harmed or becoming poor
अर्थ: असुरक्षा/असंवेदनशीलता नहीं, बल्कि जोखिमग्रस्तता
"Widows may face vulnerability to poverty."
subsistence
Meaning: A minimum level to survive
अर्थ: न्यूनतम जीविका स्तर
"The family lives at subsistence level."
calorie
Meaning: A unit for measuring energy in food
अर्थ: कैलोरी (ऊर्जा की इकाई)
"Rural areas have higher calorie needs."
per capita
Meaning: Per person; for each individual
अर्थ: प्रति व्यक्ति
"Per capita income has risen slowly."
monetary
Meaning: Related to money
अर्थ: मौद्रिक/धन-संबंधी
"Monetary expenditure is revised yearly."
expenditure
Meaning: Money spent
अर्थ: व्यय/खर्च
"Government expenditure on health increased."
revised
Meaning: Changed or updated
अर्थ: संशोधित
"The poverty line is revised periodically."
sample survey
Meaning: A study of a small part to understand the whole
अर्थ: नमूना सर्वेक्षण
"The NSSO conducts sample surveys."
uniform standard
Meaning: A single common level used everywhere
अर्थ: एकसमान मानक
"The World Bank uses a uniform standard to compare poverty."
purchasing power parity (PPP)
Meaning: A way to compare prices and incomes across countries
अर्थ: क्रय शक्ति समता (पीपीपी)
"Global poverty lines are set using PPP."
proportion
Meaning: A part or share of a whole
अर्थ: अनुपात/प्रतिशत हिस्सा
"A high proportion of workers are casual labourers."
vulnerable
Meaning: Likely to be hurt or affected
अर्थ: संवेदनशील/असुरक्षित
"Scheduled Tribes are vulnerable to poverty."
casual labour
Meaning: Work without job security; daily or temporary
अर्थ: अस्थायी मज़दूरी/रोज़मर्रा की मज़दूरी
"Casual labourers have irregular income."
inequality
Meaning: Unfair difference in income or treatment
अर्थ: असमानता
"Income inequality remains high."
indebtedness
Meaning: The state of owing money
अर्थ: ऋणग्रस्तता/कर्ज़दारी
"Indebtedness traps many poor families."
redistribution
Meaning: Sharing out something more fairly
अर्थ: पुनर्वितरण
"Land redistribution can reduce poverty."
land reforms
Meaning: Changes in law to distribute land more fairly
अर्थ: भूमि सुधार
"Land reforms helped some states."
public distribution
Meaning: Government system to sell essential food at low prices
अर्थ: सार्वजनिक वितरण (पीडीएस)
"Public distribution provides cheap grains."
targeted programme
Meaning: A scheme aimed at a specific group
अर्थ: लक्षित कार्यक्रम
"Targeted programmes support the poorest."
unemployment
Meaning: Not having a paid job
अर्थ: बेरोज़गारी
"Educated unemployment is common in cities."
minimum wage
Meaning: The lowest legal pay for work
अर्थ: न्यूनतम मज़दूरी
"Minimum wage protects workers from exploitation."
infrastructure
Meaning: Basic systems like roads, power, water
अर्थ: अवसंरचना
"Good infrastructure reduces urban poverty."
eradication
Meaning: Complete removal
अर्थ: उन्मूलन/समूल नाश
"The goal is the eradication of extreme poverty."
empowerment
Meaning: Giving people power and control over their lives
अर्थ: सशक्तिकरण
"Women’s empowerment reduces poverty."
disparity
Meaning: A noticeable and unfair difference
अर्थ: विषमता/अंतर
"There is a disparity between states."
alleviation
Meaning: Reduction of something bad like pain or poverty
अर्थ: उन्मूलन नहीं, शमन/निवारण
"Poverty alleviation needs good targeting."
compelling
Meaning: Powerful and hard to ignore
अर्थ: गंभीर/प्रबल
"Poverty remains a compelling challenge."
deprived
Meaning: Lacking basic needs and advantages
अर्थ: वंचित
"Deprived children need special support."