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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 Economics Chapter 1 – The Story of Village Palampur
Class 9 Economics
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Tough Words (Glossary)
hypothetical
Meaning: imagined for explanation; not real
अर्थ: काल्पनिक; समझाने के लिए मान लिया गया
"Palampur is a hypothetical village used to explain production."
resources
Meaning: things like land, water, money, skills used to produce
अर्थ: संसाधन; उत्पादन के लिए भूमि, पानी, धन, कौशल आदि
"Production needs different resources to make goods."
man-made
Meaning: created by humans, not natural
अर्थ: मानव‑निर्मित; प्राकृतिक नहीं
"Roads and machines are man-made items."
neighbouring
Meaning: nearby; next to
अर्थ: पड़ोसी; आसपास का
"Palampur is connected to neighbouring villages."
commodities
Meaning: goods that are bought and sold
अर्थ: वस्तुएँ; खरीद‑फरोख्त की चीजें
"Traders carry commodities like jaggery on the road."
dispensary
Meaning: small clinic where patients are treated
अर्थ: औषधालय/डिस्पेंसरी; छोटा उपचार केंद्र
"There is a private dispensary in the village."
irrigation
Meaning: supplying water to crops
अर्थ: सिंचाई; फसलों को पानी पहुँचाना
"Tubewells improved irrigation in Palampur."
comprise
Meaning: to consist of; to make up
अर्थ: से मिलकर बना होना
"SCs comprise one third of the population."
tubewell
Meaning: a deep well with a pipe and pump to draw water
अर्थ: ट्यूबवेल; पाइप व पंप से पानी निकालने वाला कुआँ
"Electric tubewells irrigate large fields."
imaginary
Meaning: not real; made up
अर्थ: कल्पित/काल्पनिक
"The story uses an imaginary village."
non‑farm
Meaning: activities other than farming
अर्थ: ग़ैर‑कृषि; खेती के अलावा गतिविधियाँ
"Transport is a non‑farm activity in Palampur."
organisation (of production)
Meaning: arranging inputs to produce output
अर्थ: उत्पादन का संगठन; साधनों को मिलाना
"Good organisation of production raises output."
requirement
Meaning: something that is needed
अर्थ: आवश्यकता
"Labour is a basic requirement for farming."
labour
Meaning: human work used in production
अर्थ: श्रम; मानव कार्य
"Small farmers provide their own labour."
manual
Meaning: done by hand; physical
अर्थ: हाथ से किया गया; शारीरिक
"Some jobs need manual work rather than machines."
physical capital
Meaning: tools, machines, buildings used to produce
अर्थ: भौतिक पूँजी; औज़ार, मशीनें, इमारतें
"A tractor is part of physical capital."
sophisticated
Meaning: advanced and complex
अर्थ: उन्नत और जटिल
"Generators are sophisticated machines."
fixed capital
Meaning: long‑lasting tools/machines/buildings
अर्थ: स्थिर पूँजी; दीर्घकाल चलने वाली पूँजी
"The thresher counts as fixed capital."
raw materials
Meaning: basic inputs used up in production
अर्थ: कच्चा माल; उत्पादन में खर्च होता है
"Clay is a raw material for the potter."
working capital
Meaning: raw materials and cash used during production
अर्थ: परिचालित पूँजी; कच्चा माल व नक़द
"Farmers need working capital to buy seeds."
enterprise
Meaning: initiative and risk‑taking to run production
अर्थ: उद्यमिता; पहल और जोखिम उठाना
"Her enterprise helped start a dairy unit."
factors of production
Meaning: land, labour, capital, and enterprise
अर्थ: उत्पादन के कारक; भूमि, श्रम, पूँजी, उद्यमिता
"All factors of production are needed for farming."
livelihood
Meaning: means of earning a living
अर्थ: रोज़ी‑रोटी/जीविका
"Farming is the main livelihood in the village."
constraint
Meaning: a limitation that restricts action
अर्थ: बाधा/सीमा
"Fixed land is a major constraint on output."
cultivable
Meaning: fit for growing crops
अर्थ: कृषियोग्य; खेती योग्य
"Some wasteland was turned into cultivable land."
kharif
Meaning: monsoon season crops
अर्थ: खरीफ; बरसाती फसलें
"Jowar and bajra are kharif crops here."
rabi
Meaning: winter season crops
अर्थ: रबी; शीतकालीन फसलें
"Wheat is a major rabi crop."
consumption
Meaning: using goods and services
अर्थ: उपभोग; इस्तेमाल
"Families keep wheat for their own consumption."
surplus
Meaning: extra amount left after needs are met
अर्थ: अधिशेष; ज़रूरत से बचा हुआ
"Farmers sell their surplus wheat in the market."
Persian wheel
Meaning: traditional device to lift water from a well
अर्थ: रहत; पानी निकालने का पारंपरिक यंत्र
"Before tubewells, farmers used the Persian wheel."
multiple cropping
Meaning: growing more than one crop in a year on the same land
अर्थ: बहु‑फसली खेती; एक ही भूमि पर साल में कई फसलें
"Multiple cropping raises total farm output."
yield
Meaning: output per unit area in one season
अर्थ: उपज; प्रति क्षेत्र उत्पादन
"HYV seeds increased the yield of wheat."
fertilisers
Meaning: substances added to soil to increase fertility
अर्थ: उर्वरक; मिट्टी की उर्वरता बढ़ाने वाले पदार्थ
"Chemical fertilisers were used widely after the Green Revolution."
pesticides
Meaning: chemicals used to kill pests
अर्थ: कीटनाशक; कीटों को मारने वाली दवाएँ
"Pesticides protect crops from insects."
varieties (HYV)
Meaning: different types; HYV = high‑yielding variety
अर्थ: किस्में; एचवाईवी = उच्च उपज किस्म
"Farmers adopted HYV varieties of wheat."
depletion
Meaning: reduction or exhaustion of a resource
अर्थ: क्षय/कमी; संसाधन का खत्म होना
"Overuse of wells led to groundwater depletion."
water table
Meaning: level of groundwater beneath the earth
अर्थ: जल‑स्तर; धरती के नीचे का पानी स्तर
"Tubewell overuse lowers the water table."
environmental
Meaning: related to nature and surroundings
अर्थ: पर्यावरणीय; प्रकृति से जुड़ा
"There are environmental costs of modern farming."
landless
Meaning: having no land to own or farm
अर्थ: बेज़मीन; जिसके पास खेती की भूमि न हो
"About one‑third families are landless."
wages
Meaning: payment to workers for their labour
अर्थ: मज़दूरी; श्रम का भुगतान
"Farm labourers receive daily wages."
competition
Meaning: rivalry to get something limited
अर्थ: प्रतिस्पर्धा; सीमित चीज पाने की होड़
"Competition for jobs pushes wages down."
distress
Meaning: serious hardship or suffering
अर्थ: कठिनाई/कष्ट
"High interest loans cause distress to small farmers."
moneylender
Meaning: person who lends money at interest
अर्थ: साहूकार; ब्याज पर पैसा देने वाला
"Many small farmers borrow from a moneylender."
interest rate
Meaning: percentage charged on a loan
अर्थ: ब्याज दर; ऋण पर लिया/दिया जाने वाला प्रतिशत
"The interest rate from traders is very high."
abundant
Meaning: plentiful; more than enough
अर्थ: प्रचुर; बहुतायत
"Labour is abundant but jobs are few."
scarce
Meaning: limited; hard to find
अर्थ: दुर्लभ/कम उपलब्ध
"Land is scarce compared to people who need it."
unequally
Meaning: not evenly or fairly distributed
अर्थ: असमान रूप से; बराबर नहीं
"Land is unequally distributed among families."
machinery
Meaning: machines collectively
अर्थ: मशीनरी; मशीनों का समूह
"New machinery made harvesting faster."
thresher
Meaning: machine that separates grain from stalks
अर्थ: थ्रेशर; दानों को तनों से अलग करने की मशीन
"The farmer hired a thresher for wheat."
wholesale
Meaning: buying and selling goods in large quantities
अर्थ: थोक; बड़ी मात्रा में खरीद‑फरोख्त
"Shopkeepers buy goods from wholesale markets."
ferry (verb)
Meaning: to carry people or goods from one place to another
अर्थ: ढोना/एक जगह से दूसरी जगह पहुँचाना
"Trucks ferry wheat to the town market."