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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 10 Political Science Chapter 3 – Gender, Religion and Caste
Class 10 Political Science
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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हिंदी में (Hindi)
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Important Points
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Tough Words (Glossary)
hierarchical
Meaning: arranged in levels of rank or authority
अर्थ: पदानुक्रम आधारित; स्तरों में व्यवस्थित
"Society often has a hierarchical structure of power."
stereotype
Meaning: a fixed, oversimplified idea about a group
अर्थ: स्थिर व गलत धारणाएँ/पूर्वाग्रह
"The ad challenged the stereotype that women cannot be engineers."
patriarchal
Meaning: controlled by men; giving power to men
अर्थ: पितृसत्तात्मक; पुरुष-प्रधान
"A patriarchal mindset limits women's choices."
discrimination
Meaning: unfair treatment of people based on identity
अर्थ: भेदभाव
"Discrimination at the workplace is illegal."
oppression
Meaning: prolonged cruel or unjust treatment
अर्थ: उत्पीड़न/दमन
"Oppression of any community weakens democracy."
remuneration
Meaning: payment for work or services
अर्थ: वेतन/प्रतिफल
"Equal remuneration for equal work is a right."
sex-selective abortion
Meaning: aborting a fetus based on its sex
अर्थ: लिंग-चयनात्मक गर्भपात
"Sex-selective abortion skews the child sex ratio."
child sex ratio
Meaning: number of girls per 1000 boys in a population
अर्थ: बाल लैंगिक अनुपात (प्रति 1000 लड़कों पर लड़कियाँ)
"The child sex ratio has declined in some districts."
harassment
Meaning: continued unwanted behaviour that annoys or harms
अर्थ: उत्पीड़न/हैरासमेंट
"Online harassment must be reported."
domestic violence
Meaning: violence within the home, often by a partner
अर्थ: घरेलू हिंसा
"Laws protect survivors of domestic violence."
legislature
Meaning: a law-making body like Parliament or Assembly
अर्थ: विधायिका
"The legislature debates and passes bills."
representation
Meaning: having someone speak or act for others
अर्थ: प्रतिनिधित्व
"Women’s representation in Parliament is rising."
reservation
Meaning: legally set aside seats or positions for groups
अर्थ: आरक्षण
"Reservation in local bodies increased women’s participation."
feminism
Meaning: belief in equal rights and opportunities for all genders
अर्थ: नारीवाद; लैंगिक समानता का सिद्धांत
"Feminism demands equal pay and safety."
mobilisation
Meaning: organising people for action
अर्थ: संगठन/सक्रियण
"Youth mobilisation led to voter awareness."
communalism
Meaning: politics that treats religion as the main identity
अर्थ: साम्प्रदायिकता
"Communalism threatens social harmony."
secularism
Meaning: equal respect and treatment of all religions by the state
अर्थ: धर्मनिरपेक्षता
"Secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution."
propagate
Meaning: to spread and promote (an idea or belief)
अर्थ: प्रचार करना/फैलाना
"Citizens are free to propagate their religion."
intervene
Meaning: to step in to prevent or change something
अर्थ: हस्तक्षेप करना
"The state can intervene to stop discrimination."
ethics
Meaning: moral principles that guide behaviour
अर्थ: नैतिकता/नीतिशास्त्र
"Leaders should follow ethics in public life."
partisan
Meaning: strongly supporting one party or group; biased
अर्थ: पक्षपाती
"Partisan appeals in elections are discouraged."
dominance
Meaning: power and influence over others
अर्थ: प्रभुत्व
"Majoritarian dominance harms minorities."
massacre
Meaning: the killing of many people, especially innocents
अर्थ: नरसंहार
"The riot turned into a massacre."
prejudice
Meaning: an unfair opinion formed without knowledge
अर्थ: पक्षपात/पूर्वाग्रह
"Prejudice against any religion is harmful."
electorate
Meaning: all people who are eligible to vote
अर्थ: मतदाता समूह/निर्वाचक मंडल
"The electorate expects clean campaigns."
franchise
Meaning: the right to vote in public elections
अर्थ: मताधिकार
"Universal adult franchise ensures equality."
constituency
Meaning: a voting area that elects a representative
अर्थ: निर्वाचन क्षेत्र
"She won from a rural constituency."
coalition
Meaning: an alliance of parties to form a government
अर्थ: गठबंधन
"The coalition partners agreed on a common agenda."
negotiate
Meaning: to discuss to reach an agreement
अर्थ: बातचीत/समझौता करना
"Leaders negotiated to end the strike."
autonomy
Meaning: power to govern oneself; self-rule
अर्थ: स्वायत्तता/स्वशासन
"Local bodies need financial autonomy."
decentralisation
Meaning: transfer of power to lower levels
अर्थ: विकेन्द्रीकरण
"Decentralisation improves local governance."
municipality
Meaning: local government in a town or city
अर्थ: नगरपालिका
"The municipality manages city sanitation."
panchayat
Meaning: village-level elected council
अर्थ: पंचायत
"The panchayat approved the road project."
untouchability
Meaning: the practice of ostracising certain castes
अर्थ: अस्पृश्यता
"Untouchability is banned by law."
census
Meaning: official count of population and its details
अर्थ: जनगणना
"The census records literacy rates."
atheist
Meaning: a person who does not believe in God
अर्थ: नास्तिक
"An atheist can also hold public office."
scheduled castes (SC)
Meaning: castes listed by the government for special protection
अर्थ: अनुसूचित जातियाँ (एससी)
"Policies support education for Scheduled Castes."
scheduled tribes (ST)
Meaning: tribal groups listed for special protection
अर्थ: अनुसूचित जनजातियाँ (एसटी)
"Health schemes target Scheduled Tribes areas."
other backward classes (OBC)
Meaning: socially and educationally backward groups
अर्थ: अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (ओबीसी)
"OBC students receive scholarships."
casteism
Meaning: unfair support of one caste over others
अर्थ: जातिवाद
"Casteism hurts social unity."
vote bank
Meaning: a group that votes mainly for one party
अर्थ: मत बैंक
"Leaders should avoid treating any community as a vote bank."
universal suffrage
Meaning: voting right for all adult citizens
अर्थ: सार्वभौमिक मताधिकार
"Universal suffrage strengthened democracy."
majoritarianism
Meaning: rule by the majority ignoring minority rights
अर्थ: बहुमतवाद
"Majoritarianism can erode constitutional values."
minority
Meaning: a smaller group differing from the majority
अर्थ: अल्पसंख्यक
"Minority rights must be protected."
quota
Meaning: a fixed share or reservation
अर्थ: कोटा/निर्धारित हिस्सा
"A quota ensured women’s seats in councils."
activist
Meaning: a person who works to bring social change
अर्थ: कार्यकर्ता/सक्रियतावादी
"An activist filed a case against discrimination."
identity
Meaning: a sense of who someone is, based on traits or groups
अर्थ: पहचान
"Language can be part of one’s identity."
equitable
Meaning: fair and just; giving everyone what they need
अर्थ: न्यायसंगत/समतामूलक
"Equitable laws protect all citizens."
advocacy
Meaning: public support for a cause or policy
अर्थ: पक्षसमर्थन/वकालत
"The group’s advocacy led to a new policy."
inclusive
Meaning: including all; not excluding any group
अर्थ: समावेशी
"An inclusive classroom values every child."
polarisation
Meaning: division into two sharply contrasting groups
अर्थ: ध्रुवीकरण
"Online misinformation causes polarisation."
pluralism
Meaning: coexistence of many groups and ideas in society
अर्थ: बहुलतावाद
"Pluralism strengthens a diverse democracy."