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Political Science NCERT Solutions Class 9 Science Chapter 6 – Tissues
Class 9 Science
Last Updated: 23 July 2026
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Tough Words (Glossary)
Unicellular
Meaning: Made of a single cell
अर्थ: एक ही कोशिका से बना
"Amoeba is a unicellular organism."
Multicellular
Meaning: Made of many cells
अर्थ: अनेक कोशिकाओं से बना
"Humans are multicellular organisms."
Specialised
Meaning: Adapted for a particular job
अर्थ: किसी खास कार्य हेतु अनुकूलित
"Muscle cells are specialised to contract."
Division of labour
Meaning: Different parts sharing different jobs
अर्थ: कार्य-विभाजन
"Tissues show division of labour in the body."
Tissue
Meaning: Group of similar cells doing a job
अर्थ: समान कोशिकाओं का समूह
"Blood is a tissue that transports materials."
Vascular
Meaning: Related to tubes that carry fluids
अर्थ: वाहिकीय
"Plants have vascular tissues to transport water and food."
Meristematic
Meaning: Actively dividing (growing) tissue
अर्थ: विभाज्य/वृद्धिशील ऊतक
"Apical meristem helps a shoot grow longer."
Apical
Meaning: At the tip (apex)
अर्थ: शीर्षस्थ
"Apical meristems are present at root tips."
Lateral
Meaning: On the sides
अर्थ: पार्श्वीय
"Lateral meristem increases the girth of stems."
Intercalary
Meaning: Between nodes; inserted between parts
अर्थ: अंतरास्थ/बीच में स्थित
"Intercalary meristem occurs near nodes."
Differentiation
Meaning: Becoming specialised in form and function
अर्थ: परिभेदन
"Cells undergo differentiation to form permanent tissues."
Parenchyma
Meaning: Living, thin‑walled basic plant tissue
अर्थ: मूलतंतु/पैरेन्काइमा
"Parenchyma cells store food in stems."
Chlorenchyma
Meaning: Parenchyma with chlorophyll
अर्थ: हरिततंतु
"Chlorenchyma performs photosynthesis in leaves."
Aerenchyma
Meaning: Parenchyma with large air spaces
अर्थ: वायुतंतु
"Aerenchyma helps aquatic plants float."
Collenchyma
Meaning: Flexible, thick‑cornered living tissue
अर्थ: कोलेन्काइमा
"Collenchyma gives flexibility to leaf stalks."
Sclerenchyma
Meaning: Dead, thick‑walled supportive tissue
अर्थ: स्क्लेरेंकाइमा
"Sclerenchyma fibres make plants hard and strong."
Lignin
Meaning: Hardening substance in plant cell walls
अर्थ: लिग्निन
"Lignin thickens sclerenchyma walls."
Epidermis
Meaning: Outer protective layer of cells
अर्थ: एपिडर्मिस/त्वचा ऊतक
"The leaf epidermis protects inner tissues."
Stomata
Meaning: Tiny pores on leaves for gas exchange
अर्थ: रंध्र
"Stomata open to let gases move in and out."
Guard cells
Meaning: Special cells that open/close stomata
अर्थ: रक्षक कोशिकाएँ
"Guard cells control stomatal opening."
Transpiration
Meaning: Loss of water as vapour from plants
अर्थ: वाष्पोत्सर्जन
"Transpiration occurs mainly through stomata."
Cutin
Meaning: Waxy waterproof substance on epidermis
अर्थ: क्यूटिन
"Desert plants have thick cutin on leaves."
Suberin
Meaning: Waxy material in cork cell walls
अर्थ: सबरिन
"Suberin makes cork cells impervious to water."
Impervious
Meaning: Not allowing fluids to pass
अर्थ: अभेद्य/जलरोधी
"Cork is impervious to water and gases."
Cork
Meaning: Protective outer tissue in older stems
अर्थ: कॉर्क/फल्ली
"Cork forms from secondary meristem."
Xylem
Meaning: Tissue that carries water and minerals
अर्थ: जाइलम/काष्ठवाहिनी
"Xylem transports water from roots to leaves."
Phloem
Meaning: Tissue that carries food (sugars)
अर्थ: फ्लोएम/पर्णवाहिनी
"Phloem transports food to all parts."
Tracheids
Meaning: Elongated xylem cells for conduction
अर्थ: ट्रैकिड्स
"Tracheids help conduct water upward."
Vessels
Meaning: Tube‑like xylem elements
अर्थ: वेसल/नलिकाएँ
"Vessels provide a continuous water pathway."
Sieve tubes
Meaning: Phloem tubes with perforated ends
अर्थ: चलनी नलिकाएँ
"Sieve tubes carry sugars from leaves."
Companion cells
Meaning: Phloem cells aiding sieve tubes
अर्थ: सहचारी कोशिकाएँ
"Companion cells support sieve tube function."
Epithelial tissue
Meaning: Protective covering tissue in animals
अर्थ: अस्तर ऊतक/उपकला
"Skin is made of epithelial tissue."
Simple squamous
Meaning: Single flat layer of epithelium
अर्थ: सरल समतली उपकला
"Lung alveoli have simple squamous epithelium."
Stratified squamous
Meaning: Many layers of flat cells
अर्थ: स्तरीकृत समतली उपकला
"The skin has stratified squamous epithelium."
Columnar epithelium
Meaning: Tall pillar‑like epithelial cells
अर्थ: स्तंभी उपकला
"The intestine has columnar epithelium for absorption."
Ciliated
Meaning: Having tiny moving hair‑like structures
अर्थ: कशाभित/सिलिया वाले
"Ciliated cells push mucus in the respiratory tract."
Cuboidal epithelium
Meaning: Cube‑shaped epithelial cells
अर्थ: घनाभ उपकला
"Kidney tubules are lined by cuboidal epithelium."
Glandular epithelium
Meaning: Epithelium specialised to secrete
अर्थ: ग्रंथिय उपकला
"Glandular epithelium releases enzymes."
Connective tissue
Meaning: Tissue with cells in a matrix, for support/transport
अर्थ: संयोजी ऊतक
"Blood and bone are connective tissues."
Matrix
Meaning: Background material around cells
अर्थ: आंतरद्रव्य/मैट्रिक्स
"Bone cells lie in a hard matrix."
Plasma
Meaning: Liquid part of blood
अर्थ: प्लाज़्मा
"Plasma carries nutrients and hormones."
Corpuscles
Meaning: Blood cells (RBCs/WBCs)
अर्थ: रक्त कण/कोशिकाएँ
"Red corpuscles carry oxygen."
Platelets
Meaning: Tiny blood fragments for clotting
अर्थ: प्लेटलेट/रक्त-अणुक
"Platelets help stop bleeding."
Ligament
Meaning: Tissue joining bone to bone
अर्थ: बंधन/लिगामेंट
"A sprain injures a ligament."
Tendon
Meaning: Tissue joining muscle to bone
अर्थ: कण्डरा/टेंडन
"The Achilles tendon helps us walk."
Cartilage
Meaning: Smooth, flexible connective tissue
अर्थ: उपास्थि
"Cartilage is present in the nose and ear."
Areolar tissue
Meaning: Loose connective tissue filling spaces
अर्थ: विस्तृत संयोजी ऊतक
"Areolar tissue supports organs."
Adipose tissue
Meaning: Fat‑storing tissue
अर्थ: स्नायु/वसा ऊतक
"Adipose tissue stores energy and insulates."
Contractile proteins
Meaning: Muscle proteins that shorten to move
अर्थ: संकोचक प्रोटीन
"Contractile proteins help muscles contract."
Voluntary muscles
Meaning: Muscles we can control
अर्थ: इच्छानुबद्ध मांसपेशियाँ
"We move our arms with voluntary muscles."